by Philip F. May, Irwin M. Brodo, and Theodore L. Esslinger

Revised 27 October 2002

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References alphabetically by genus    [skip explanation]

References alphabetically by genus [skip explanation]

Authors: Philip F. May, Irwin M. Brodo, and Theodore L. Esslinger
Web implementation: Philip F. May
Original date online: 15 March 2000
Entries updated: 18 October 2002  (includes RLL #187)
URLs updated: 27 October 2002
File size: 853 kilobytes
Send corrections, suggestions, or comments to Philip May: philip.may@verizon.net
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Table of Contents

       Unless you have a fast internet connection, we strongly recommend saving this bibliography onto your own computer’s hard drive via the save function of your browser. The file is about eight hundred fifty kilobytes long. Using a dial-up modem, it may take from 30 seconds to four minutes to access via the Internet, but much less time from your hard drive. Once saved, the file may be read directly using your browser or printed out. A printed version will be approximately 190 pages long.

       We try to update the bibliography at least once or twice a year. If you've using a copy stored on your hard drive, you may wish to check for an updated version occasionally.

       Font size may be adjusted on your Browser. With Internet Explorer look on the "View" menu under Fonts. With Netscape Navigator look either under "View" or "Options-General preferences," depending upon the version you have.

        Most browsers will also allow the document to be searched by keyword. If your program allows it, searching using bolded genus names will take you directly to a genus. Without bold, a search will take you to the next mention of the genus anywhere in the document.

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       It has been 14 years since the second author, Irwin M. Brodo, first published "A Guide to the Literature for Identifying North American Lichens." Since then many changes have taken place in lichen systematics, and many new works have been published that are useful in North America. We decided it was time to update and thoroughly revise the Guide.

       This Guide to the Literature is restricted to works useful for identifying North American lichens. We include the continental United States and Canada but exclude Hawaii, Mexico, and Greenland. This is the same geographical area covered by Esslinger and Egan (1995) (the "Sixth Checklist") and its more recent online revisions (the "Cumulative Checklist").

       The first part of the Guide lists major works with a broad scope. These are often in book format, and many are still available for purchase. Some of these works should be in the personal library of every student of lichens. These are listed under various categories, as indicated in the table of contents.

       The second part cites specialized papers for all the genera accepted in the online Cumulative Checklist (for North America). These references are a subset of those you would find by searching the database Recent Literature on Lichens, plus some that are not in that database because they precede it or were omitted.

       Unless otherwise stated, each and every reference in the Guide has been reviewed recently for its relevance for someone trying to identify a North America lichen. We have listed the references under each category in their approximate order of usefulness. For a genus, we might list first the most recent specialized work containing a key to all the North American species; second, any fairly modern generic revision or monograph for North America or adjacent parts of the world; third, older monographs or works with broad keys or many species descriptions; and fourth (sometimes), works describing species added since the most recent key. Because they are cited in the first part of the bibliography, and to avoid endless repetition, important national and regional floras are generally not cited separately for each genus, even though one of them may contain a valuable identification key.

       Unfortunately, for many genera there is no publication that gives complete coverage of North American species, making it difficult to decide which reference to list first. Our judgements are possibly biased towards use in eastern North America. We recognize that another ordering of references may be more appropriate for users in other regions.

       A few of the references in the Guide are out-of-date but are included for their value in delimiting the taxa according to the older literature and for their value in nomenclature. In some cases, a key that has appeared in several publications (in slightly modified form) is cited in its various editions to aid the reader who may have access to one edition and not the other. Generally, however, we have listed only the most up-to-date version and have tried to avoid the needless listing of keys and articles clearly superceded by modern works covering the same subject area.

       We have briefly annotated most of the references. In many cases, the annotation includes a count both of total species and of North American species treated in the cited work. The North American count includes only species listed as accepted in a genus by the North American checklist (or a synonym of an accepted species). This count was made during June, 1999, based on the Cumulative Checklist, so it will gradually go out of date as species are added and deleted from the checklist. For references listed under a genus, we generally indicate if the work has contains a key, species descriptions, and/or useful species illustrations. If any of these is not mentioned in an annotation, it will be absent from the cited work.

       Contrary to the previous Guide, we now cite many unpublished and unprinted works. These would include keys and other information found on websites, computer keys where made available by the author, unpublished printed keys (with permission of the author), informal English translations of works published in foreign languages, and dissertations (when available to the public). In each case we provide instructions how to obtain the unpublished reference.

       Also contrary to the previous Guide, we have included references for all genera of lichenicolous fungi listed in the Cumulative Checklist. For ease in deciphering citations, we have abandoned abbreviations. Except for initials of personal names, the only abbreviation used in the Guide is "N. Am." for "North America."

       In a work of this size and nature, errors of omission and commission are bound to creep in. We invite the reader to submit suggestions for corrections, changes, and additions. Suggestions should go to Philip May: philip.may@verizon.net .

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       It is an unfortunate fact that the vast majority of the cited works are available only in specialized botanical or mycological libraries associated with universities, botanical gardens, or natural history museums. Some of these may offer visiting privileges, interlibrary loans, or remote copying services (instructions below). Alternately, the reader may be able to write directly to the author(s) for a reprint ( Addresses of lichenologists ). Active journals may sell back issues or make articles available online ( Journals ).

       For some references we have provided the name and e-mail address of a distributor or publisher. The distributor may charge a fee, usually for copying and mailing expenses, but some may charge for their time. Authors sometimes aim for a small profit on their labors, and, of course, publishers charge for their books. Libraries typically charge for remote copying services, sometimes surprisingly large amounts.

       Interlibrary loans and remote copying services are available only through other libraries. Individuals can not obtain these services directly.

      To obtain an interlibrary loan--including xerographic copies of journal articles--simply go to your nearest library. Any library with a reference desk will do, even a local public library. Give the reference librarian the full citation. The librarian can search specialized databases for libraries owning the reference you want and find out which ones will lend or copy it. The fees that libraries charge for lending or copying vary. Your librarian can determine the least expensive option.

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By far the best way to start identifying lichens is by attending one or more workshop, course, or field trip led by an experienced lichenologist. It is hard to pick up identification skills on one's own and easy to get onto the wrong track, so beginners should seek help in getting started.

Academic and non-academic courses are offered at various times by various North American institutions and individual lichenologists. Lichen groups also periodically organize field trips and workshops. In addition, experienced lichenologists are often willing to check specimens and share their knowledge on a one-to-one basis with serious beginners.

     Courses, workshops, and field trips        Addresses of lichen groups        Addresses of lichenologists

Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D., and Sharnoff, S. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London. 795 pp. [14 introductory chapters, copiously illustrated with drawings and spectacular color photographs}

Brodo, I.M. 1988. Lichens of the Ottawa region, second edition. Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Special Publication 3: 1-115, Ottawa. [introduction and glossary; available from the author at ibrodo@mus-nature.ca]

Goward, T., McCune, B. and Meidinger, D. 1994. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 1 - Foliose and squamulose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series no. 8, i-iii, 1-181. Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.publications.gov.bc.ca [introductory chapter]

Hale, M.E., Jr. and Cole, M. 1988. Lichens of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 254 pp. [introductory chapter]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1979. How to know the lichens, 2nd ed. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 246 pp. [introductory chapter]

McCune, B. and Geiser, L. 1997. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. [introductory chapter]

Anonymous. (no date) Into the World of Lichens {Online}. Available: http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/Article/into-the-world-of-lichens {accessed 2009 August 25} [an introduction to lichen vocabulary]

May, P.F. 2000. How to identify a macrolichen. {Online} Available: http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/lichens/howto.html [tips for identifying a leafy, shrubby, or pendent lichen]

See also:     Textbooks--general        Dictionaries and Glossaries        Technique

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Keys are used to identify unknown lichens. The easiest keys use a minimum of jargon, provide an illustrated glossary, and offer choices that are relatively simple to make. It is generally best to chose a key covering a region close to where lichens were collected. Beginners should seek help when first starting to key out lichens. This will prevent much frustration.

Here are a selection of keys that are easier to use than most:

Anonymous. (no date) Into the World of Lichens {Online}. Available: http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/Article/into-the-world-of-lichens {accessed 2009 August 25} [an introduction to lichen vocabulary]

Goward, T., McCune, B. and Meidinger, D. 1994. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 1 - Foliose and squamulose species. British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series no. 8, i-iii, 1-181. Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.publications.gov.bc.ca [keys illustrated by small drawings, useful throughout northern North America; the drawings are very helpful for interpreting the keys; the first chapter give an introduction to lichen identification]

Goward, T. 1999. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 2 - Fruticose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Program (Special Report Series no. 9). 319 pp. Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.crownpub.bc.ca [keys illustrated by drawings; covers both fruticose macro- and microlichens; notes include chemistry, diagnostic features, habitat, variability, and range; useful throughout northern North America; the drawings are very helpful in interpreting the keys; highly recommended]

Hinds, P.L. and Hinds, J.W. 1998. Simplified field key to Maine macrolichens, published by the authors, 47 pp. [useable throughout New England and adjacent Canada; the key requires some hands-on knowledge of terminology; available from the authors at 254 Forest Avenue, Orono, ME 04473 jwhplh@earthlink.net]

Brodo, I.M. 1988. Lichens of the Ottawa region, second edition. Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Special Publication 3: 1-115, Ottawa. [northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada; keys written for, and tested on, non-professionals; covers all growth forms, but especially recommended for people starting to work on crusts; drawings of spores; available from the author at ibrodo@mus-nature.ca ]

McCune, B. and Geiser, L. 1997. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. [keys, treats and describes most genera and species of the region, many excellent color photographs of species]

Harris, R.C . 1977. Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. (unpublished), 150 pp. [useful in temperate eastern North America; covers all growth forms, especially good for beginners trying to key out crusts because it uses traditional, spore based genera; drawings of spores; many of the names are out of date; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Wetmore, C.M. 1998 (most recent revision). Keys to the lichens of Minnesota. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 83 pp. Available from the author at Clifford.M.Wetmore-1@tc.umn.edu [keys to about 550 species; the keys are organized using traditional, spore-based generic concepts, with a more modern name provided at the species level; the keys are thus relatively easy to use; the author does not accept all the most recent generic names]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1979. How to know the lichens, 2nd ed. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 246 pp. [Covers most of the leafy, shrubby, and pendent lichens found on N. Am. list; the keys are not technical, but take some practice to use reliably; names of many taxa are out of date, but the book is still very useful. In print.]

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Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D., and Sharnoff, S. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London. 795 pp. [keys, descriptions, range maps, and spectacular color photographs for more than 800 conspicuous foliose, fruticose and crustose lichen species; another 700 species are mentioned in valuable comparative notes; concise descriptions of most N. Am. genera, with useful comparisons to similar genera; introductory information about many aspects of lichen biology and systematics; this remarkable book is very useful for getting the feel of a genus; a user may also successfully key out common species; however, due to space constraints fewer than one-third of N. Am. species are keyed and fewer than half are mentioned.]

Wirth, V. 1995. Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs, Teil 1 and 2. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. 1006 pp. [moderate overlap with N. Am., but modern and with magnificent color photographs; keys, descriptions of genera and species; this edition is an expanded version of the work listed next; English translation available as a computer file from Doyle Anderegg. doyle@uidaho.edu]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [keys; descriptions of species and genera; beautifully detailed drawings of most species; useful in boreal and alpine regions]

Hansen, E.S. and Andersen, J. 1995. Greenland Lichens. Rhodos, Copenhagen. 124 pp. [small but good color photographs of 300 lichens; descriptions but no keys; treats both macrolichens and microlichens; good overlap with northern and alpine N. Am.]

McCune, B. and Geiser, L. 1997. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. [keys, descriptions of genera and species, 200 excellent color photographs]

Migula, W. 1925-1931 ("1929-1931"). Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Band IV: Flechten. Hugo Bermühler Verlag, Berlin-Lichterfelde. Teil 1: 527 pp. plus plates, Teil 2: 868 pp. plus plates. [143 beautiful plates, only a few of which are photographs; plates subdivided into several illustrations of species anatomy and habitus; most plates partly or entirely in color; the treatments of some genera are still useful, too]

Jahns, H.J. 1980. Farne-Moose-Flechten Mittel-, Nord- und Westeuropas. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wein, Zurich. 256 pp. [300 good-quality color photographs of ferns, mosses, and lichens; the colors are mostly true; keys and descriptions]

John, V. 1990. Atlas der Flechten in Rheinland-Pfalz. Vol. 1 (text) and Vol. 2 (maps). Beiträge zur Landespflege in Rheinland-Pfalz, 13, Landesamt für Umweltschutz und Gewerbeaufsicht Rheinland-Pfalz, Oppenheim, Germany. 275 and 272 pp. [200 color photographs; not reviewed]

Sharnoff, S. and Sharnoff, S. (undated). North American Lichens: {Online}. Available: http://www.lichen.com/portraits.html {accessed 2001 September 13} [ca. 85 color photographs, also introductory topics]

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[In addition to the North American references listed below, several European books are of tremendous value in North America, especially for identifying crustose species. These are listed in the next section: best foreign references ].

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens. {diskettes} Unpublished. Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [An intermittently updated set of working keys in WordPerfect format of various vintages, the oldest of which can only be roughly converted into MS Word format. Fairly technical--especially at the generic level--but almost complete coverage of N. Am. species, including fungi parasitic on lichens and quite a few lichen species that are presently undescribed, unidentified, or otherwise not yet on the North American checklist. Keys to genera, keys to natural and artificial groups, keys to species, keys to sterile species, detailed descriptions of genera and species; distribution by region or continent; huge glossary, sections on technique. Mostly a compilation from the literature, mixed and matched as needed; full of informal comments, alternate keys, numbering errors in the keys, and new species listed but not yet keyed. Since hyperlinks are lacking, navigation within the multiple subkeys and sections of large genera can be difficult. Definitely a work in progress, but extremely useful, especially once the genus is known. Despite its problems and inconsistencies, this is one of the two most useful references for experienced students identifying North American lichens.]

Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D., and Sharnoff, S. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London. 795 pp. [keys, descriptions, range maps, and spectacular color photographs for more than 800 conspicuous foliose, fruticose and crustose lichen species; another 700 species are mentioned in valuable comparative notes; concise descriptions of most N. Am. genera, with useful comparisons to similar genera; introductory information about many aspects of lichen biology and systematics; this remarkable book is very useful for getting the feel of a genus; a user may also successfully key out common species; however, due to space constraints fewer than one-third of N. Am. species are keyed and fewer than half are mentioned.]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1979. How to know the lichens, 2nd ed. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 246 pp. [Semi-complete coverage of N. Am. macrolichens as known in the late 1970s. The keys go directly to species level, so you don't need to know the genus first. The most common species are keyed, with other species mentioned in the fine print. The keys are not technical, but take some practice to use reliably. Partial species descriptions, including chemistry. Names of taxa are out of date, but the book is still very useful. In print..]

[The next eighteen references are in alphabetical order:]

Brodo, I.M. 1968. The lichens of Long Island, New York: a vegetational and floristic analysis. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 410: 1-330. [keys to 260 species including crusts, useful notes; valuable on the northern Coastal Plain and in adjacent regions; the arrangement of genera in the book is a little confusing; available from http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/publications.html ]

Brodo, I.M. 1988. Lichens of the Ottawa region, second edition. Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Spec. Publication 3: 1-115, Ottawa. [northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada; especially good for beginners trying to key out crusts; copies still available from the author. ibrodo@mus-nature.ca ]

Dey, J.P. 1978. Fruticose and foliose lichens of the high-mountain areas of the southern Appalachians. Bryologist 81: 1-93. [Southern macrolichens; concentrates on the high-elevation spruce-fir forest, but some of the keys have been expanded to cover lower elevations]

Gowan, S.P. and Brodo, I.M. 1988. The lichens of Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, Canada. Bryologist 91: i + 255-325. [New England and eastern Canada; detailed keys to both macro- and microlichens; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/]

Goward, T., McCune, B. and Meidinger, D. 1994. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 1 - Foliose and squamulose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series no. 8, i-iii, 1-181 Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.publications.gov.bc.ca

Goward, T. 1999. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 2 - Fruticose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Program (Special Report Series no. 9). 319 pp. Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.crownpub.bc.ca

Harris, R.C . 1977. Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. (unpublished), 150 pp. [useful in temperate eastern North America; covers all growth forms, especially good for beginners trying to key out crusts because it uses traditional, spore-based genera; drawings of spores; many of the names are out of date; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [southern N. Am. and eastern coastal plain; one drawback--you must know the family, or often the genus, to start with; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy.]

Hinds, P.L. and Hinds, J.W. 1998. Simplified field key to Maine macrolichens, published by the authors, 47 pp. [useful throughout New England and adjacent Canada; the key requires some hands-on knowledge of terminology; available from the authors at 254 Forest Avenue, Orono, ME 04473 jwhplh@earthlink.net]

Ladd, D. M. 1997. Preliminary Draft: Lichens of the lower Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas. Unpublished. [keys, brief descriptions of genera, and notes; available from The Nature Conservancy at cost; contact Douglas Ladd: dladd@TNC.org ]

McCune, B. and Geiser, L. 1997. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. [keys to 458 species, descriptions of genera and ca. 200 species, excellent color photographs of ca. 200 species]

McCune, B. and Goward, T. 1995. Macrolichens of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Mad River Press, Eureka, California. 208 pp. [detailed keys that include many drawings, ca. 500 species; descriptions of genera; heavy use of abbreviations]

Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. 532 pp. [keys to all genera in the region; keys to the species of 132 genera, incuding squamulose lichens, the Lichinales, most macrolichens, and most pyrenolichens; in N. Am. covers Arizona and southern California, but undoubtedly useful in adjacent regions; descriptions; notes on substrates, habitat, and distribution; many range maps; illustrated glossary; key to photobionts; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/PublicationsforSale.htm]

Noble, W. 1982. The lichens of the coastal Douglas-fir dry subzone of British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Part II reprinted and updated in 1997, 238 pp. [practically the only key covering crustose lichens for the area west of the Dakotas; beautifully reprinted and much more compact then the original, but the update unfortunately lacks a key to genera; keys to species for each genus; non-technical descriptions of genera and species, spore drawings for a few genera, notes; the keys and descriptions predate the generic re-arrangements of recent years, and they de-emphasize mycological characters such as ascus type and conidial type; available from Bruce McCune at Bruce.McCune@science.oregonstate.edu]

St. Clair, L.L. 1999. A color guidebook to the common Rocky Mountain Lichens. Bean Life Science Museum of Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 242 pp. [keys to nearly 200 common species--including some crustose lichens--most of which are described and illustrated with color photographs; covers all of the Rockies, the Great Basin, the Colorado Plateau, and the basin and range province of New Mexico and Arizona.]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [keys; descriptions of species and genera; beautiful detailed drawings of most species; also useful alpine areas]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [keys, descriptions of species and genera, some species illustrated; also useful in alpine areas]

Wetmore, C.M. 1967. Lichens of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological Series 3: 209-464. [keys, covers both macro- and microlichens, traditional generic concepts, notes on species]

Wetmore, C.M. 1998 (most recent revision). Keys to the lichens of Minnesota. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 83 pp. Available from the author at Clifford.M.Wetmore-1@tc.umn.edu [keys to about 550 species; the keys are organized using traditional, spore-based generic concepts, with a more modern name provided at the species level; the keys are thus relatively easy to use; ; Melanelia and Trapeliopsis not yet treated; the author does not accept all recent generic names]

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Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [Invaluable, especially for its detailed descriptions of genera and species. Very useful for crustose genera, due to the extensive species overlap with temperate North America. Less useful for macrolichens. Keys, species descriptions and comparisons, chemistry, distributions by continents, literature references by genus, glossary. Generic concepts slightly conservative. . The keys to genus are probably too technical for beginners. Essential in any N. Am. lichen library. Available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Clauzade, G. and Roux, C. 1985. Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita Determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Nouvelle Série, Numéro Spécial 7. Royan, France. 893 pp. [Illustrated generic and species keys for the lichens of western Europe (excluding the Azores); good species overlap with temperate and boreal N. Am.; lacks separate species descriptions, but compensates with extra information in the keys; the species of similar genera are often treated together in one key, making identification easier; keys are relatively non-technical; the book is unfortunately written in Esperanto, but some keys have been translated into French (see list below).]

Poelt, J. 1969. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Cramer, Lehre. 757 pp. [Detailed keys to the lichens of all Europe from the Urals to the Azores (excluding the Caucasus). This work--and the revisions by Poelt and Vezda (1977 and 1981)--have been supplanted by Clauzade and Roux (1985); nonetheless, they are still very useful and covers more area; they do not, however, treat all genera. English translation available from Dr. Doyle Anderegg Doyle@uidaho.edu in a version with certain genera replaced by revised text from Poelt and Vezda (1977).]

Wirth, V. 1995. Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs, Teil 1 and 2. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. 1006 pp. [covers the SW corner of Germany; only moderate overlap with N. Am., but modern, with excellent keys and magnificent color photographs; good descriptions of genera; habitat preferences of species, but no species descriptions; English translation available as a computer file from Dr. Doyle Anderegg. Doyle@uidaho.edu ]

Dobson, F.S. 2000. Lichens. An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species. Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd., Slough, England. 431 pp. [non-technical keys to approximately 700 species, good overlap with northern and eastern N. Am.; descriptions of genera and species; for each genus drawings of spores, of stained asci, and of apothecial anatomy; small color photographs of each species, plus drawings of thallus morpholgy as needed; contains quite a few errors at the species level; most useful at the generic level, especially for its illustrations]

Magnusson, A.H. 1952. Lichens from Torne Lappmark. Arkiv för Botanik, Series II, 2: 45-249. [key, old, but helpful for crusts, especially in the large traditional genera]

Wirth, V. 1995. Flechtenflora. Bestimmung und ökologische Kennzeichnung der Flechten Südwestdeutschlands und angrenzender Gebiete. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. 661 pp. [detailed keys to genera and species of southwest Germany and environs; the descriptions mainly cover ecology and distribution; compact, few illustrations; supplants the previous edition issued in 1980]

Dahl, E. and Krog, H. 1973. Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Scandinavian University Books, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. 185 pp. [straightforward keys, good overlap with N. Am., no descriptions, many helpful drawings]

Ozenda, P. and Clauzade, G. 1970. Les lichens. Étude biologique et flore illustrée. Masson et Cie, Paris. 801 pp. [covers France and adjacent regions; traditional genera used; emphasis on obsolete orders and families makes it hard to identify to genus; within genera, good keys to species; photographs and great drawings; index gives taxon number, instead of page number; now superseded by Clauzade and Roux (1985)]

Moberg, R. and Holmåsen, I. 1992. Flechten von Nord- und Mitteleuropa. Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York. 237 pp. [mainly valuable for its 300 color photographs; partial coverage of European species; key to genera, keys to species of macrolichen genera, but not microlichens genera; brief descriptions of genera and species, drawings of spores for microlichen genera]

(Various authors). 1930-1960. Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Die Flechten. Band 8 and Band 9, Abt. 1-6. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H., Leipzig. (each part numbered separately) [this monumental work was a standard reference for many years; it contains very detailed treatments for most taxonomic groups found in German-speaking Europe, as known in the 1930s; however subsequent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes, the description of many new species, and de-emphasis in the use of forms and variations makes this work less useful now; in many cases, it remains a good source for anatomical drawings for common European species, often under old names]

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McCune, B. 1997. Key to the Genera of the Pacific Northwest. Distributed by the author. 70 pp. [draft key, fairly useful throughout N. Am.; available at cost from Bruce McCune, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-2902 Bruce.McCune@science.oregonstate.edu ]

Rambold, G. and Triebel, D. 1995-. A key to the genera of lichenized and lichenicolous Ascomycetes {Online}. In: LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm {accessed 2001 January 23}. [world-wide, multiple entry key: start with any characters. Still in the draft stage and thus with some problems]

Tucker, S. and Thiers, H. 1998. Key to crustose lichen genera of California. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 5(1): 1-11. [relatively non-technical and easy to use; does not use ascal wall characters; covers about 150 genera, but 50 rarely collected genera are omitted]

Malcolm, W.M., and Galloway, D.J. 1997. New Zealand Lichens. Checklist, Key, and Glossary. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, 192 pp. [illustrated, technical key; contains many genera not in N. Am., as well as those that are; section on ascus staining technique, which is needed to use the key; contains a wonderful illustrated glossary]

Rogers, R.W. 1980. The Genera of Australian Lichens (Lichenized Fungi). University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, London, New York. 124 pp. [non-technical key, older concepts; incomplete overlap with N. Am. genera]

Sipman, H. 1999. Identification key and literature guide to the genera of lichenized fungi (Lichens) in the Neotropics, provisional version {Online}. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Free University of Berlin. Available: http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/sipman/keys/neokeyA.htm {accessed 2001 January 23}. [key to the genera, with hyperlinks to distribution data, references, and--when available--photographs and keys to species; glossary; useful in the subtropical part of the United States and perhaps elsewhere]

Sipman, H. 1996. Key to the lichen genera of the Guianas {Online}. 453 couplets. Available: http://www.mnh.si.edu/biodiversity/bdg/lichkey3.html {accessed 2001 January 23}. [useful in the subtropical part of the United States and perhaps elsewhere]

Keys for determining the genera of the following groups can be found interspersed alphabetically in the generic part of this bibliography:   Arthoniales    bacidioid lichens   Calicioid lichens and fungi ("stubble" and "pin" lichens)      Gomphillaceae      lecideoid lichens      Lichinaceae and allies      Parmeliaceae      Physciaceae    fruticose Roccellaceae      Solarinellaceae      Teloschistaceae

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Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [the best descriptions of genera available: detailed and in a uniform format; comparisons with similar genera; uses conservative and somewhat dated generic concepts; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens {diskettes}. Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [bases descriptions mainly on Purvis et al. (1992), but recognizes more segregate genera; for details and problems see annotation under "Twenty most useful"]

Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. 532 pp. [uses a uniform format similar to Purvis et al. (1992), but recognizes most modern seggregate genera; useful comparative notes; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/PublicationsforSale.htm]]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [conservative generic concepts]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [conservative generic concepts]

Wirth, V. 1995. Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs, Teil 1 and 2. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. 1006 pp. [excellent descriptions of genera; English translation available as a computer file from Doyle Anderegg. doyle@uidaho.edu]

Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D., and Sharnoff, S. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London. 795 pp. [short descriptions of most N. Am. genera; especially useful are the comparative notes and the color photographs which convey the "feel" of each genus]

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Peterson, E. (ed.). 2002-. Lichen key archive {Online}. Available: http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/LichenKey/index.htm {2002 October 18}. [a worldwide semipermanent repository for keys; rates each key on how complete and how technical it is; the site will probably be updated more frequently than this bibliography and covers a wider geographical range; many keys for tropical America]

Sipman, H. 1999. Lichen determination keys available on Internet {Online}. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin. Available: http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/sipman/keys/default.htm {accessed 2002 October 18}. [a website with hyperlinks to other websites with keys; it will probably be updated more frequently than this bibliography and covers a wider geographical range; many keys for tropical America]

Goward, T., McCune, B. and Meidinger, D. 1994. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 1 - Foliose and squamulose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series no. 8, i-iii, 1-181. Free downloadable .pdf version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.publications.gov.bc.ca {both accessed 2002 October 18} [keys to genera and species, illustrated by small drawings; brief characterizations of genera; notes and chemistry for species; useful throughout northern North America; files require the use of Adobe Acrobat Reader, a free program available over the Internet]]

Goward, T. 1999. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 2 - Fruticose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Program (Special Report Series no. 9). 319 pp. Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs09.htm ; bound version available: http://www.crownpub.bc.ca {both accessed 2002 October 18} [keys illustrated by drawings; covers both fruticose macro- and microlichens, including, for example, calicioid species, Gyalidiopsis, Baeomyces, and Pseudephebe; notes include chemistry, diagnostic features, habitat, variability, and range; useful throughout northern North America]

Anonymous. (no date) Into the World of Lichens {Online}. Available: http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/Article/into-the-world-of-lichens {accessed 2009 August 25} [an introduction to lichen vocabulary]

Wetmore, C. 1999. Caloplaca data {Online}. University of Minnesota. Available: http://www.tc.umn.edu/~wetmore/Calop.html {accessed 2002 October 18}. [separate keys to 4 major subgroups of Caloplaca (sorediate species, species with lobed margins of the thallus, species with black or brown apothecia, species with orange or yellow apothecia and white or gray thalli); the keys include all species seen by the author, with American species bolded; hyperlinks to range maps and photographs]

Harris, R.C. 1997-1999. Lime loving lichens. Eastern Lichen Network {Online}. Available: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/lime_loving_lichens.htm {accessed 2002 October 18} [a key to ca. 180 lichen taxa growing on carcareous rock in eastern temperate N. Am.]

Lumbsch, H.T. and Brodo, I.M. 2000. Preliminary key to Lecanora species likely to occur in New England {Online}. Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Available: http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/lichens/Lecanora_New_England.html {accesed 2002 October 18} [key to 64 species]

Brodo, I.M. and Ahti, T. 1995. Key to Cladina and Cladonia on the Queen Charlotte Islands and neighboring areas {Online}. Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge. Available: http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/lichens/queencharlotte.html [key to ca. 80 species]

Hinds, J.W. 1998. Lichen flora of eastern North America: the genus Parmelia sensu stricto. {Online}. Eastern Lichen Network. Available http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/articles.html {Accessed 2002 October 18}[key to 7 eastern N. Am. species, descriptions]

Buck, W.R. 1998. Lichen flora of eastern North America: the genus Gomphillus (Gomphillaceae). {Online}. Eastern Lichen Network. Available: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/articles.html {Accessed 2002 October 18} [key, 2 eastern N. Am. species; descriptions, fine illustrations of morphology]

May, P.F. 1998. Lichen flora of eastern North America: the genus Ophioparma Norman. {online}. Eastern lichen Network. Available: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/articles.html {Accessed 2002 October 17} [key, 2 eastern N. Am. species, descriptions, illustrations]

Schumm, F. 2000. Hilfsschlüssel zu sorediösen, unterseits unberindeten Heterodermia-Arten (inkl. einiger soredienfreier, sonst habituell ähnlicher Arten, Flechten, Physciaceae) {updated version, online in .pdf format}. Available: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/schumm {accessed 2002 October 18}] [detailed world key to the 30 sorediate species with an ecorticate lower surface; 14 of 28 on N. Am. list

Schumm, F. 2001. Hilfsschlüssel zum Bestimmen der Arten der Gattung Heterodermia mit Podocarpa-Wuchsform {Online in .pdf format}. Available: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/schumm {accessed 2002 October 18} [detailed world key to the 32 small shrubby species; 8 of 28 on N. Am. list]

Anonymous (ed.) 1997. Key to the genus Parmelia of Great Britain and Ireland {Online}. British Lichen Society. Available: http://www.theBLS.org.uk/cd/key.htm {accessed 2002 October 18}. [key to 47 species of Parmelia in the broad sense, N. Am. species, in several genera, not counted]

Sipman, H. 1997. Revised key to Megalosporaceae (genera Austroblastenia, Megaloblastenia, Megalospora) including some easily confused taxa, provisional version {Online}. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin. Available: http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/bgbm/staff/wiss/Sipman+H/keys/Megalokey.htm {accessed 2002 October 18}. [key, about 33 species, 2 of 3 species of Megalospora on N. Am. list]

Elix, J. 1997. Revised worldwide key for the genus Relicina (Parmeliaceae) {Online). Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin. Available: http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/bgbm/staff/wiss/Sipman+H/keys/Relicina.htm {accessed 2002 October 18}. [key, about 50 species, 2 of 2 on N. Am. list]

Rambold, G. (ed.) 1996-. LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm {accessed 2002 October 18} [world or regional multiple-entry interactive keys to lichen genera and also to species of the following N. Am. genera (organized by family): Adelolecia, Arthonia (in the broad sense, subset: taxa with red pigments);Biatora {subset Europe] Bunodophoron, Carbonea, Cladonia (in the broad sense, subset Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia), Clauzadeana, Diploschistes, Lecanora (key to 193 taxa of Lecanora in the narrow sense.), Lecideaceae (Europe), Megalospora, Miriquidica, Phacopsis, Phaeophyscia, Rimularia, and Tephromela; the interactive keys are still being developed and therefore have a few problems]

Sipman, H. 1999. Identification key and literature guide to the genera of lichenized fungi (Lichens) in the Neotropics, provisional version {Online}. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Free University of Berlin. Available: http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/bgbm/staff/wiss/Sipman+H/keys/neokeyA.htm {accessed 2002 October 18} [key to the genera, with hyperlinks to distribution data, references, and--when available--photographs and keys to species; glossary; useful in the subtropical part of the United States and perhaps elsewhere]

Sipman, H. 1996. Key to the lichen genera of the Guianas. {Online} 453 couplets. Available: http://www.mnh.si.edu/biodiversity/bdg/lichkey3.html {accessed 2001 September 14} [useful in the subtropical part of the United States and perhaps elsewhere]

Table of Contents

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens {diskette}. Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [ (the best, but some problems; see annotation under "Twenty most useful")]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1979. How to know the lichens, 2nd ed. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 246 pp. [Semi-complete coverage of N. Am. macrolichens as known in the late 1970s. The keys go directly to species level; you don't need to know the genus first. The most common species are keyed, with other species mentioned in the fine print. The keys are not technical, but take some practice to use reliably. Partial species descriptions including chemistry. Names of many taxa are out of date, but the book is still very useful. In print..]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [old, but sometimes still useful; many non-European species on the N. Am. checklist--especially western crusts--can best be keyed out using this work; the keys, however, are often somewhat vague; try Ryan (1994-1999) first]

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Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [keys; descriptions of species and genera; beautiful detailed drawings of most species; also useful alpine areas]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [keys, descriptions of species and genera, some species illustrated; also useful in alpine areas]

Thomson, J.W. 1979. Lichens of the Alaskan Arctic Slope. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 314 pp. [keys, descriptions of species and genera; supplanted by Thomson 1979 and 1997, but still useable]

Lynge, B. and P.F. Scholander. 1932. Lichens from North East Greenland. I. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet 41: 1-116. [macrolichens; detailed species descriptions but no keys]

Lynge, B. 1937. Lichens from West Greenland, collected chiefly by Th.M. Fries. Meddelelser om Grønland 118(8): 1-225. [keys in Latin for several genera, detailed species accounts in English, no generic key]

Lynge, B. 1940. Lichens of North East Greenland. II. Microlichens. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet 81: 1-143. [keys in Latin for some genera, detailed species accounts in English, no generic key

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1954. Lichens from Baffin Island. American Midland Naturalist 51: 232-264. [keys for species in some genera]

Hansen, E.S. and Andersen, J. 1995. Greenland Lichens. Rhodos, Copenhagen. 124 pp. [no key, short descriptions and good color photos of 300 macro- and microlichens]

Table of Contents

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [keys; descriptions of species and genera; beautiful detailed drawings of most species; also useful alpine areas]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [keys, descriptions of species and genera, some species illustrated; also useful in alpine areas]

Thomson, J.W., Scotter, G.W. and Ahti, T. 1969. Lichens of the Great Slave Lake Region, Northwest Territories, Canada. Bryologist 72: 137-177. [keys only to some groups]

Dahl, E. and Krog, H. 1973. Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Scandinavian University Books, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. 185 pp. [straightforward keys, good overlap with N. Am., no descriptions, many helpful drawings]

Magnusson, A.H. 1952. Lichens from Torne Lappmark. Arkiv för Botanik, Series II, 2: 45-249. [detailed keys to many traditionally defined genera, Arctic regions, 15 to 60 overlap with N. Am. species, but often with traditional generic names]

Ahti, T. and Hepburn, R.L. 1967. Preliminary studies on woodland caribou range, especially on lichen stands, in Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests Research Report (Wildlife) 74: 1-134. [contains a key to the macrolichens of northern Ontario]

Krog, H., Østhagen, H. and Tønsberg, T. 1980. Lavflora. Norsk Busk- og Bladlav. Supplement in English. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 53 pp. [keys to the macrolichens of Norway (translated into English in the Supplement); species and genera descriptions in Norwegian, photographs of each species]

Bird, C. 1970. Keys to the Lichens of West-Central Canada. Processed publication. Calgary, Alberta. 171 pp. [keys only]

Krog, H. 1968. The macrolichens of Alaska. Norsk Polarinstitut Skrifter 144: 1-180. [notes plus a few photographs, but no keys; 6 new species]

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Brodo, I.M. 1988. Lichens of the Ottawa region, second edition. Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Spec. Publication 3: 1-115, Ottawa. [keys; covers both macrolichens and crusts; available from the author at ibrodo@mus-nature.ca ]

Harris, R.C . 1977. Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. (unpublished), 150 pp. [useful in temperate eastern North America; covers all growth forms, especially good for beginners trying to key out crusts because it uses traditional, spore- based genera; drawings of spores; the names are out of date; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy.]

Gowan, S.P. and Brodo, I.M. 1988. The lichens of Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, Canada. Bryologist 91: i + 255-325. [detailed keys; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/]

Brodo, I.M. 1968. The lichens of Long Island, New York: a vegetational and floristic analysis. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 410: 1-330. [keys, notes, the arrangement of the general is confusing; copies are still available from Biological Survey, New York State Museum, Room 3140 CEC, Albany, NY 12230]

Taylor, C.J. 1967-1968. The lichens of Ohio. Part I. Foliose lichens. Part II. Fruticose and cladoniform lichens. Ohio State University, Columbus. 227 + 22 pp. [keys, detailed descriptions, large photographs, detailed information on microcrystal tests]

Hinds, P.L. and Hinds, J.W. 1998. Simplified field key to Maine macrolichens, published by the authors, 47 pp. [keys only; available from the authors at 254 Forest Avenue, Orono, ME 04473 jwhplh@earthlink.net]

Harris, R.C. 1997-1999. Lime loving lichens. Eastern Lichen Network. Available: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/lime_loving_lichens.htm {accessed 1999 November 20} [a key to ca. 180 lichen taxa growing on carcareous rock in eastern temperate N. Am.]

Wong, P.Y. and Brodo, I.M. 1992. The Lichens of Southern Ontario, Canada. Syllogeus, 69, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa. 79 pp. [annotated species list; includes keys to Bacidia in the broad sense, Caliciales in the broad sense., Caloplaca, Lecidea in the broad sense, Leptogium, Porpidia, and Rhizocarpon; available from the publisher at http://nature.ca/prodserv/cat/product_e.cfm?ID=258&Browse=Scientific%20Publication&searchText=]

Flenniken, D. 1999. The macrolichens in West Virginia. Published by the author. v + 231 pp. [keys, 284 species, species descriptions and comparisons, characterizations of genera, 320 color photographs; aimed at beginners, so relatively non-technical; available from the author at FlennikenD@aol.com ]

Medlin, J.J. 1996. Michigan lichens. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bulletin 60: 1-98. [87 color photographs of common lichens; descriptions of species; the color for most, but not all, photographs is true]

Lamb, I.M. 1954. Lichens of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Annual Report of the National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 132: 239-313. [list of 199 species; notes, several species described, discussions of taxonomy; no key]

Degelius, G. 1940. Contributions to the lichen flora of North America. I. Lichens from Maine. Arkiv för Botanik 30A (1): 1-62. [list of 229 species, about one-third with descriptive notes; no key]

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Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [keys to many genera and their species, sometimes including species outside Florida for completeness; arranged by order and family; lacks keys to higher taxa, so the user must either know the family or genus; extensive treatment of pyrenolichens; for some pyrenolichen genera there are eastern N. Am. or even provisional world keys, extensive taxonomic notes; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy.]

Harris, R.C. 1990. Some Florida Lichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, New York. 109 pp. [similar to Harris (1995), but with fewer genera treated and more descriptive and taxonomic notes; only a few Pyrenolichen genera are treated; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy.]

Ladd, D. M. 1997. Preliminary Draft: Lichens of the lower Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas. Unpublished. [keys, brief descriptions of genera, notes; available from The Nature Conservancy at cost; contact Douglas Ladd: dladd@TNC.org ]

Dey, J.P. 1978. Fruticose and foliose lichens of the high-mountain areas of the southern Appalachians. Bryologist 81: 1-93. [lichens of the southern spruce-fir forest; some keys expanded to cover lower altitudes]

Flenniken, D. 1999. The macrolichens in West Virginia. Published by the author. v + 231 pp. [keys, 284 species, species descriptions and comparisons, characterizations of genera, 320 color photographs; aimed at beginners, so relatively non-technical; available from the author at FlennikenD@aol.com ]

Moore, B.J. 1968. The macrolichen flora of Florida. Bryologist 71: 161-266. [lacks index, hard to locate the genera]

Degelius, G. 1941. Contributions to the lichen flora of North America. 2. The lichen flora of the Great Smoky Mountains. Arkiv för Botanik 30A (3): 1-80. [list of 206 species, about one-third with descriptive notes; no keys]

Table of Contents

Wetmore, C.M. 1998 (most recent revision). Keys to the lichens of Minnesota. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 83 pp. Available from the author at Clifford.M.Wetmore-1@tc.umn.edu [keys to about 550 species; relatively easy to use because the keys are organized using traditional, spore-based generic concepts, with a more modern name provided at the species level; the author does not accept all recent generic names; a couple of genera have also not yet been treated, notably Melanelia and Trapeliopsis]

Wetmore, C.M. 1967. Lichens of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological Series 3: 209-464. [keys and notes only, traditional generic concepts]

Harris, R.C . 1977. Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. (unpublished), 150 pp. [useful in temperate eastern North America; covers all growth forms, especially good for beginners trying to key out crusts because it uses traditional, spore- based genera; drawings of spores; the names are out of date; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Ladd, D. M. 1997. Preliminary Draft: Lichens of the lower Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas. Unpublished. [keys, brief descriptions of genera, notes; available from The Nature Conservancy at cost; contact Douglas Ladd: dladd@TNC.org ]

Wilhelm, G.S. 1998. The lichen flora of Chicago and vicinity: one hundred years of lichenology. Erigenia 16: 3-36. [good keys to genera and 222 species]

Medlin, J.J. 1996. Michigan lichens. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bulletin 60: 1-98. [87 color photographs of common lichens; descriptions of species; the color for most, but not all, photographs is true]

Taylor, C.J. 1967. The Lichens of Ohio. Part I. Foliose Lichens. Biological Notes No. 3, The Ohio Biological Survey, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. lv + 147 pp. [keys, detailed species descriptions, large photographs, detailed information on microcrystal tests]

Taylor, C.J. 1968. Lichens of Ohio. Part 2. Fruticose and Cladoniform Lichens. Biological Notes No. 4, The Ohio Biological Survey, Ohio State University, Columbus. 153-227 + A1-A22 pp. [keys, detailed species descriptions, large photographs, detailed information on microcrystal tests]

Table of Contents

McCune, B. and Goward, T. 1995. Macrolichens of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Mad River Press, Eureka, California. 208 pp. [detailed keys that include many drawings, ca. 500 species; descriptions of genera; heavy use of abbreviations]

St. Clair, L.L. 1999. A color guidebook to the common Rocky Mountain Lichens. Bean Life Science Museum of Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 242 pp. [keys to nearly 200 common species--including some crustose lichens--most of which are described and illustrated with color photographs; covers all of the Rockies, the Great Basin, the Colorado Plateau, and the basin and range province of New Mexico and Arizona.]

Wetmore, C.M. 1967. Lichens of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological Series 3: 209-464. [keys and notes only, traditional generic concepts; includes crustose lichens]

Kershaw, L., MacKinnon, A. and Pojar, J. 1998. Plants of the Rocky Mountains. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton. 527 pp. [small color photos of 40 species; ca. 80 more species mentioned in text; brief characterizations and comparisons, habitat notes; 33 line drawings, no key]

Newberry, C. 1991. Lichens of the Uinta Mountains and adjacent intermountain North America. Master of Science thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo. 237 pp. [relatively non-technical keys to genus and species, genus and species descriptions; covers both macro- and microlichens; recommended by, and available at cost from, Dr. Larry St. Clair, 193 MLBM, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 Larry_StClair@byu.edu ]

Imshaug, H.A. 1957. Alpine lichens of western United States and adjacent Canada. I. The macrolichens. Bryologist 60: 177-272. [macrolichens only; keys, notes]

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Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. 532 pp. [keys to all genera in the region; keys to the species of 132 genera, incuding squamulose lichens, the Lichinales, most macrolichens, and most pyrenolichens; in N. Am. covers Arizona and southern California, but undoubtedly useful in adjacent regions; descriptions; notes on substrates, habitat, and distribution; many range maps; illustrated glossary; key to photobionts; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/PublicationsforSale.htm]

Wetmore, C.M. 1976. Macrolichens of Big Bend National Park, Texas. Bryologist 79: 296-313. [keys to genera and species]

Ryan, B. (Continuously updated). Keys to Lichens of the Sonoran Desert Region. Unpublished set of working keys, in computer file format. [not reviewed; according to the author, these are in reasonably good shape, but lack species descriptions; available on diskette for a modest fee from the author brucryan@mail.dancris.com ]

Anderson, K.T. 1998. Lichen Flora of Chiricahua National Monument in Southeast Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation, Brigham Young University, 123 pp. Available from UMI Dissertation Service at http://www.umi.com/hp/Support/DExplorer/, Dissertation number 9822824. [keys to genera and species, descriptions, both macrolichens and microlichens covered]

Weber, W.A. 1963. Lichens of the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Biology, No. 10. 27 pp. [keys to the species of several genera]

St. Clair, L.L. 1999. A color guidebook to the common Rocky Mountain Lichens. Bean Life Science Museum of Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 242 pp. [keys to nearly 200 common species--including some crustose lichens--most of which are described and illustrated with color photographs; covers all of the Rockies, the Great Basin, the Colorado Plateau, and the Basin and Range province of New Mexico and Arizona.]

Newberry, C. 1991. Lichens of the Uinta Mountains and adjacent intermountain North America. Master of Science thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo. 237 pp. [relatively non-technical keys to genus and species, genus and species descriptions; extensive coverage of both macro- and microlichens; highly recommended by, and available at cost from, Dr. Larry St. Clair, 193 MLBM, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 Larry_StClair@byu.edu ]

Hale, M.E., Jr. and Cole, M. 1988. Lichens of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 254 pp. [keys to common species, including some crusts; descriptions; partly illustrated with photographs of variable quality; in print]

Wright, D.M. 2000. Guide to the macrolichens of California: Part 1, the orange pigmented species. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 7(1): 7-16. [keys to genera and species; descriptions of genera and species; notes; a few drawings]

Wright, D.M. 2000. Guide to the macrolichens of California: part 2, the gray foliose species. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 7(2): 44-63. [keys to genera and species; descriptions of genera and species; notes]

Herre, A.W.C.T. 1910. The lichen flora of the Santa Cruz Peninsula, California. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 12: 27-269. [keys, descriptions of genera and species]

Hasse, H.E. 1913. The lichen flora of southern California. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 17: 1-132. [keys, descriptions of genera and species]

Smith, D.W. 1994. The corticolous lichen flora of Cedar Breaks National Monument and surrounding areas on the Markagunt Plateau, Iron County, Utah. Master of Science thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo. 113 pp. [relatively non-technical keys to genus and species, genus and species descriptions; covers both macro- and microlichens; available at cost from Dr. Larry St. Clair, 193 MLBM, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 Larry_StClair@byu.edu ]

Rajvanshi, V. 1994. Terricolous lichen flora of the San Rafael Swell, Emery County, Utah. Master of Science thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo. 46 pp. [relatively non-technical keys to genus and species, genus and species descriptions; covers both macro- and microlichens; available at cost from Dr. Larry St. Clair, 193 MLBM, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 Larry_StClair@byu.edu ]

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Goward, T., McCune, B. and Meidinger, D. 1994. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 1 - Foliose and squamulose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series no. 8, i-iii, 1-181. Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.publications.gov.bc.ca [keys illustrated by small drawings, brief characterizations of genera; notes and chemistry for species; useful throughout northern North America]

Goward, T. 1999. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 2 - Fruticose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Program (Special Report Series no. 9). 319 pp. Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.crownpub.bc.ca. [keys illustrated by drawings; covers both fruticose macro- and microlichens, including, for example, calicioid species, Gyalidiopsis, Baeomyces, and Pseudephebe; notes include chemistry, diagnostic features, habitat, variability, and range; useful throughout northern North America]

McCune, B. and Geiser, L. 1997. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. [keys to 458 species , descriptions of genera and ca. 200 species, excellent color photographs of ca. 200 species]

McCune, B. and Goward, T. 1995. Macrolichens of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Mad River Press, Eureka, California. 208 pp. [detailed keys that include many drawings, ca. 500 species; descriptions of genera]

Noble, W. 1982. The lichens of the coastal Douglas-fir dry subzone of British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Part II reprinted and updated in 1997, 238 pp. [practically the only key covering crusts in the area west of the Dakotas; beautifully reprinted and much more compact then the original, but the update unfortunately lacks a key to genera; keys to species for each genus; non-technical descriptions of genera and species, spore drawings for a few genera, notes; the keys and descriptions predate the generic re-arrangements of recent years, and they de-emphasize mycological characters such as ascus type and conidial type; available from Bruce McCune at Bruce.McCune@science.oregonstate.edu]

Vitt, D.H., Marsh, J.E. and Bovey, R.B. 1988. Mosses, Lichens and Ferns of Northwest North America. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton. 296 pp. [keys to about 160 common lichen species; descriptions, small but good color photographs of each]

Hale, M.E., Jr. and Cole, M. 1988. Lichens of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 254 pp. [keys to common species, including some crusts; descriptions; partly illustrated with photographs of variable quality; in print]

Wright, D.M. 2000. Guide to the macrolichens of California: Part 1, the orange pigmented species. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 7(1): 7-16. [keys to genera and species; descriptions of genera and species; notes; a few drawings]

Wright, D.M. 2000. Guide to the macrolichens of California: part 2, the gray foliose species. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 7(2): 44-63. [keys to genera and species; descriptions of genera and species; notes]

Howard, G.E. 1950. Lichens from the state of Washington. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 191 pp. [keys, descriptions of genera and species; largely out of date]

Imshaug, H.A. 1957. Alpine lichens of western United States and adjacent Canada. I. The macrolichens. Bryologist 60: 177-272. [macrolichens only; keys, notes]

Krog, H. 1968. The macrolichens of Alaska. Norsk Polarinstitut Skrifter 144: 1-180. [list of 326 species; notes; many characterizations, some descriptions, some taxonomic discussions, some photographs of thalli; no key]

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Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [keys, starting at the family level; the user must know either the family or the genus; all groups traditionally handled by lichenologists are treated, some for Florida only, some for eastern North America, some for the world; extensive taxonomic notes; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Harris, R.C. 1973. The corticolous pyrenolichens of the Great Lakes Region. Michigan Botanist 12: 3-68. [artificial key to species; old names, but still very useful, descriptions, spore drawings]

Harris, R.C. 1989. A sketch of the family Pyrenulaceae (Melanommatales) in Eastern North America. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 49: 74-107. [keys to Anthracothecium, Lithothelium, Plagiocarpa, Pyrgillus, Eopyrenula, and Pyrenula; descriptions, spore drawings]

Aptroot, A. 1991. A Monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (Excluding Anthracothecium and Pyrenula) and the Requienellaceae, with Notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae and Mycomicrothelia (Lichenized and Non-lichenized Ascomycetes). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 44. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 178 pp. [world keys to families, genera, and species, descriptions, drawings of spores and photographs of thalli; the taxonomy of these groups is controversial]

McCarthy, P.M. and Mitchell, M.E. 1988. Lichens of the Burren Hills and the Aran Islands. Officina Typographica, Galway, 123 pp. [many species in various keys, terminal choices of key equivalent to a description, drawings of anatomy and spores]

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Tønsberg, T. 1992. The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia 14: 1-331. [Sterile crustose lichens; crustose lichens]

Fryday, A. and Coppins, B. 1997. Keys to sterile, crustose saxicolous and terricolous lichens occurring in the British Isles. Lichenologist 29: 301-332. [key to 200 taxa, excluding most Lepraria and Leproloma]

James, P.W. and Coppins, B. J. 1979. Key to British sterile crustose lichens with Trentepohlia as phycobiont. Lichenologist 11: 253-262. [detailed key amounting to descriptions, 24 species]

Laundon, J.R. 1962. The taxonomy of sterile crustaceous lichens in the British Isles. 1. Terricolous species. Lichenologist 2: 57-67. [key, 19 species]

Laundon, J.R. 1963. The taxonomy of sterile crustaceous lichens in the British Isles. 2. Corticolous and lignicolous species. Lichenologist 2: 101-151. [key ,many taxa, notes and a few descriptions]

James, P.W. 1970. The lichen flora of shaded acid rock crevices and overhangs in Britain. Lichenologist 4: 309-322. [detailed key to about 50 species, many of which are sterile]

Schreiner, E. and Hafellner, J. 1992. Sorediöse, corticole Krustenflechten im Ostalpenraum. I. Die Flechenstoffe und die gesicherte Verbreitung der besser bekannten Arten. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 45. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 291 pp. [key to 60 species, descriptions]

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens {diskettes} Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [keys by substrate and propagule type; the sterile keys are in rough shape; (see annotation under "Twenty most useful")}

Brodo, I.M. 1988. Lichens of the Ottawa region, second edition. Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Spec. Publication 3: 1-115, Ottawa. [about 40 sterile crustose and squamulose species are treated; available from the author at ibrodo@mus-nature.ca ]

Gowan, S.P. and Brodo, I.M. 1988. The lichens of Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, Canada. Bryologist 91: i + 255-325. [about 45 sterile species; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/ ]

McCune, B. 1985. Sterile, yellowish lichen crusts on soil in North America. Evansia 2: 23-26. [key to 12 species]

McCune, B. 1998. Lichens of granitic peaks in the Bitterroot Range, Montana and Idaho, USA. in Glenn, M.G, Harris, R.C., Dirig, R. and Cole, M.S. (eds.). Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon Ltd., Ithaca, New York, 281-294. [key to sterile white crusts on alpine soils; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/]

Harris, R.C . 1977. Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. Ann Arbor (litho.), 150 pp. [key to sterile crusts; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Almborn, 0. 1952. A key to the sterile corticolous crustaceous lichens occurring in South Sweden. Botaniska Notiser 1952: 239-263. [key, about 70 species, notes]

Brodo, I.M. 1968. The lichens of Long Island, New York: a vegetational and floristic analysis. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 410: 1-330. [copies are still available from Biological Survey, New York State Museum, Room 3140 CEC, Albany, NY 12230]

Henssen, A. 1963. Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 18(l): 1-123. [key to genera of sterile Lichenaceae and allies]

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[See References by genus for treatments of individual lichenicolous genera and for treatments organized by host genus]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141.[keys to genera and to species; the most up-to-date and wide-ranging flora of lichenicolous fungi; in Esperanto]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1983. A key to the lichen-forming, parasitic, parasymbiotic and saprophytic fungi occurring on lichens in the British Isles. Lichenologist 15: 1-44. [one overall key, spore drawings for many species]

Alstrup, V. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1990. The lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 31: 1-90. [one overall key to 124 species, illustrations of new and rare species, generally no descriptions, but references thereto; about 50 overlap with species reported from N. Am. so far.]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1979. The lichenicolous Hyphomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 6: 183-300. [keys, detailed descriptions, and fine drawings for each species; a fundamental work]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1981. The lichenicolous Coelomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 9: 1-98. [keys, detailed descriptions, and illustrations for each species; a fundamental work]

Triebel, D. 1989. Lecideicole Ascomyceten. Eine Revision der obligat lichenicolen Ascomyceten auf lecideoiden Flechten. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 35. J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart. 278 pp. [keys, detailed descriptions of genera and species; some drawings of spores and asci]

Clauzade, G. and Roux, C. 1976. Les champignons lichenicoles non lichenises. Universite des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier. 110 pp.

Keissler, K. von. 1930. Die Flechtenparasiten. In Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 8: 1-712. [keys to genera that start with the family, keys to species, lacks keys to families; most useful for descriptions and illustrations of individual species]

David, J.C. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1995. Zevadia: a new lichenicolous hyphomycete from western Ireland. In: Farkas, E.E., Lücking, R. and Wirth, V. (eds.). Scripta Lichenologica--Lichenological Papers Dedicated to Antonín Vezda. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 58. J. Cramer, Berlin and Stuttgart pp. 63-71. [updated key to the lichenicolous genera of dematiaceous fungi with aggregated conidiophores]

Diederich, P. 1996. The Lichenicolous Heterobasidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 61. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 198 pp. [keys, descriptions of genera and species, drawings]

Matzer, M. 1996. Lichenicolous Ascomycetes with Fissitunicate Asci on Foliicolous Lichens. Mycological Papers, 171, CAB International, Wallingford. x + 202 pp. [keys by genus and species and by host; 49 species (many new) in 15 genera, none yet reported for N. Am., but likely to be in the future, descriptions, illustrations]

Dennis, R.W.G. 1978. British Ascomycetes. J. Cramer, Vaduz, 585 pp. [useful for its fine, mostly color, illustrations; treats some lichen parasites and non-lichenized genera found in the N. Am. Checklist, usually under old generic names; the index of specific epithets is excellent; keys to orders, families, genera, and species; brief descriptions of genera and species]

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Lücking, R. 1992. Foliicolous Lichens - A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Lichen Flora of Costa Rica, Central America. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, 104, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 179 pp. [best modern key to foliicolous genera, key to species, illustrations, 220 taxa]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [the basic reference; a classic lichenological work]

Farkas, E. and Sipman, H.J.M. 1997. Checklist of foliicolous lichenized fungi. After Farkas and Sipman (1993), with additions to 1996. Abstracta Botanica 21: 173-206. [this combination of world checklist and bibliography gives identification references for every genus and species; these include keys, descriptions, and illustrations, when available]

Lücking, R. 1997. Additions and Corrections to the Knowledge of the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of Costa Rica. The Family Gomphillaceae. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 65. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 109 pp. [83 species in overall key, good throughout neotropics, but limited use on N. Am. list, notes, photographs]

Awasthi, D.D. 1991. A Key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 340 pp. [key to 30 obligately foliicolous lichen genera]

Vezda, A. 1987. Flechtensystematische Studien XII. Die Familie Gomphillaceae und ihre Gliederung. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 22: 179-198. [key to the genera with hyphophores]

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Harris, R.C. 1997-1999. Lime loving lichens. Eastern Lichen Network. Available: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/lime_loving_lichens.htm {accessed 1999 November 20} [a key to ca. 180 lichen taxa growing on carcareous rock in eastern temperate N. Am]

Fletcher, A. 1975. Key for the identification of British marine and maritime lichens. II. Calcareous and terricolous species. Lichenologist 7: 73-115. [part of key to 428 species, key termina equivalent to brief descriptions]

Fröberg, L. 1989. The Calcicolous Lichens on the Great Alvar of Öland, Sweden. Institutionen för Systematisk Botanik, Lund. 109 pp. [descriptions of 109 species in about 55 genera (N. Am. species not counted); notes with ecology and comparisons to similar species; lichen communities; several illustrations, especially for Verrucaria]

Renobales, G. 1996. Contribución al conocimiento de los líquenes calcícolas del occidente de Vizcaya y parte oriental de Cantabria (N-España). GuineanA, 2, Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao. 310 pp. [annotated list of 222 species, descriptions for lesser known species (some illustrated), keys to Caloplaca, Polyblastia, Staurothele, Thelidium, and Verrucaria]

McCarthy, P.M. and Mitchell, M.E. 1988. Lichens of the Burren Hills and the Aran Islands. Officina Typographica, Galway, 123 pp. [detailed key to calcicolous lichens, about 135 species; terminal choices of key equivalent to a description]

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Taylor, R.M. 1982. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Lichens (Ascomycetes) of the intertidal region. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report NMFS Circular 446: 1-24. [artificial key illustrated with line drawings, descriptions for 22 species; useful on eastern rocky shores]

Fletcher, A. 1975. Key for the identification of British marine and maritime lichens. I. Siliceous rocky shore species. II. Calcareous and terricolous species. Lichenologist 7: 1-52, 73-115 [key to 428 species, key termina equivalent to brief descriptions; useful on eastern rocky shores]

Taylor, R.M. 1974. Studies on the littoral lichens of northeastern North America. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 203 pp. [not seen; available from UMI Dissertation Services at http://www.umi.com/hp/Support/DExplorer/ dissertation number 7507264]

Brodo, I.M. and Santesson, R. 1997. Lichens of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. 3. Marine species of Verrucaria (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycotina). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 82: 27-37. [key to 10 named and 3 unnamed N. Am. species]

Arup, U. 1995. Littoral species of Caloplaca in North America: a summary and key. Bryologist 98: 129-140. [key, 20 species, brief descriptions, color photographs of habitus]

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Tibell, L. 1999. Calicioid lichens and fungi. in Ahti, T., Jørgensen, P.M., Kristinsson, H., Moberg, R., Søchting, U. and Thor, G. (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Volume 1. Introductory Parts. Calicioid Lichens and Fungi. Nordic Lichen Society, Uddevalla. 94 pp. [keys to 15 genera and 80 species, 70 on N. Am. list, covers all calicioid groups, good overlap (70 of 117 species) with N. Am.; good color photographs of all species]

Tibell, L. 1984. A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales. In: Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79: 597-713. [modern world key to genera, generic descriptions, taxonomic overview of the Caliciales, s.l.]

Selva, S.B. and Tibell, L. 1999. Lichenized and non-lichenized calicioid fungi from North America. Bryologist 102: 377-397. [keys to the North American species of Chaenotheca, Chaenothecopsis, Phaeocalicium, Sclerophora, and Stenocybe; descriptions of 15 species, and notes for 4 others, mostly new or newly reported; photographs of newly described species; 7 species newly described or reported in the same issue of Bryologist are not included in the keys]

Tibell, L. 1975. The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 21(2): 1-128. [keys, descriptions, photographs of anatomy for some genera, covers perhaps half of the species now known from N. Am., moderately old generic concepts]

Selva, S.B. 1988. The Caliciales of Northern Maine. Bryologist 91: 2-17 [key to 35 species, descriptions]

Middelborg, J. and Mattsson, J. 1987. Crustaceous lichenized species of the Caliciales in Norway. Sommerfeltia 5: 1-70. [keys, 39 species in Calicium, Chaenotheca (including Cybebe), Cyphelium, Microcalicium, Sclerophora, Thelomma, good overlap]

Tibell, L. 1996. Caliciales. Flora Neotropica, 69, New York Botanical Garden, New York. 78 pp. [modern key to genera, including several not on N. Am. list, keys to 51 neotropical species, most of them also found on N. Am. list; descriptions]

Tibell, L. 1987. Australasian Caliciales. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 27(1): 1-279. [modern key to genera, keys to 78 species, about 40 occurring on N. Am. list; detailed descriptions and fine illustrations make this a good source for confirming an identification]

Schmidt, A. 1970. Anatomisch-taxonomische Untersuchungen an europaischen Arten der Flechtenfamilie Caliciaceae. Mitteilungen aus dem Staatsinstitut für allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 13: 111-166. [treatment of European Mycocaliciaceae, including Mycocalicium, Phaeocalicium, Chaenothecopsis, and Stenocybe; good for photographs of anatomy, and for generic concepts; some species descriptions, no keys]

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Purvis, W. 2000. Lichens. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, and The Natural History Museum, London. 112 pp. [a well-written, simple introduction to lichens; lots of top-quality color photographs; the best book for readers lacking a science background]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1983. The Biology of the Lichens. Third Edition. Edward Arnold, Baltimore. 190 pp. [short, unified and clear--a classic; citations are handled as endnotes, making the text easy to read; still in print]

Hawksworth, D.L. and Hill, D.J. 1984. The Lichen-Forming Fungi. Blackie, Glasgow and London. 158 pp. [a short British textbook suitable for the literate beginner; rather succinct, but covers the ground; illustrations are small; in print]

Richardson, D.H.S. 1974. The Vanishing Lichens. Hafner Press, New York. 231 pp. [a non-technical, easy-to-read book on the history, economic uses, and ecological importance of lichens; not really a textbook]

Schöller, H. (ed.). 1997. Flechten. Geschichte, Biologie, Systematik, Ökologie, Naturschutz und kulturelle Bedeutung. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main. 247 pp. [takes a world-wide perspective; unified style despite multiple authors; good color illustrations; in German]

Lawrey, J.D. 1984. Biology of Lichenized Fungi. Praeger Publishers, New York. 408 pp. [not intended as an introductory text; basically a synthesis of lichen research with citations; emphasizes physiology, chemistry, ecology, and lichens as bio-indicators; de-emphasizes morphology, ontogeny, and systematics; few illustrations, many graphs; in print]

Nash, T.H., III (ed.). 1996. Lichen biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 303 pp. [an up-to-date multiple-author text with an academic tone; citations; some photographs; in print]

Galun, M. (ed.). 1988. CRC Handbook of Lichenology. {in three volumes} CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton. 297 pp., 181 pp., 147 pp. [a multiple-author encyclopedic review of the state of lichenology]

Ahmadjian, V. and Hale, M.E., Jr. (eds.). 1973. The lichens. Academic Press, New York. 697 pp. [a multiple-author text with a slightly academic tone; text citations]

Henssen, A. and Jahns, H.M. 1974. Lichenes. Eine Einführung in die Flechtenkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart. 467 pp. [great drawings of anatomy and excellent discussion of morphologic development; one-third of book devoted to discussion and illustration of taxonomic groups; in German]

Ozenda, P. 1963. Lichens. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin-Nikolassee. 199 pp. [textbook emphasizing anatomy and morphology; many wonderful drawings; in French]

Ozenda, P. and Clauzade, G. 1970. Les Lichens. Etude Biologie et Flore Illustree. Masson and Cie, Editeurs, Paris. 801 pp. [combines a 125 page text emphasizing morphology and anatomy, with extensive keys to European lichens; the text is illustrated with many line drawings; the keys are illustrated mostly with photographs; the keys have a peculiar arrangement and have been supplanted by Clauzade and Roux (1985)]

Smith, A.L. 1921. Lichens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 464 pp. [a classic; thoroughly covers all lichen biology known at the time]

Masuch, G. 1993. Biologie der Flechten. Quelle and Meyer Verlag, Heidelberg, Wiesbaden. 411 pp. [not reviewed; in German]

Søchting, U. 1994. Laver. Natur og Museum (Arhus) 33(3): 1-32. [not reviewed; an introduction to lichens; in Danish]

Van Haluwyn, C. and Lerond, M. 1993. Guide des Lichens. Lechevalier, Paris. 344 pp. [textbook in French; also keys to common French lichens illustrated with good line drawings; the keys are not too useful in North America]

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Richardson, D.H.S. 1992. Pollution Monitoring with Lichens. Naturalists' Handbooks, 19, Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd., Slough, England. 76 pp. [also covers the effects of pollution on lichens; a compact review with citations; available from St. Mary's University bookstore, Halifax, phone (902) 496-8765, don.harper@stmarys.ca ]

Gilbert, O. 2000. Lichens. New Naturalist Library, Harper Collins Publishers, London. 288 pp. [a fairly easy-to-read textbook on the lichen ecology of Great Britain]

Kershaw, K.A. 1985. Physiological Ecology of Lichens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 293 pp. [lichen physiology in the context of their environment; text citations; lots of graphs]

Seaward, M.R.D. 1977. Lichen Ecology. Academic Press, London, 550 pp. [a multiple-author compilation of research; lichens in relationship to their environment; citations; very few illustrations or graphs]

Barkman, J.J. 1958. Phytosociology and Ecology of Cryptogamic Epiphytes. Van Gorcum, Assen, Netherlands. 628 pp. plus 16 plates plus separate tables. [the foundation work of two sub-fields; the author describes lichen associations, that is, named groups of reliably co-occurring species; encyclopedic coverage of the ecology of lichens on bark; citations, lots of tables]

Ahmadjian, V. 1993. The Lichen Symbiosis. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 250 pp. [emphasizes the biological relationship between the alga and the fungus; techniques for studying this relationship; de-emphasizes morphology, anatomy, ecology; citations]

Table of Contents

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens. {diskettes} Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [contains the most complete lichen glossary in the English language; describes the different usage of the same terms by various authorities; for details see annotation under "Twenty most useful")}

Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M., Sutton, B.C. and Pegler, D.N. 1995. Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of Fungi. Eighth Edition. CAB International, Wallingford. xii +616 pp. [this important reference includes not only definitions, but also short articles on many subjects, a systematic arrangement of fungi, keys to families, literature citations by genus and topic, etc.]

Malcolm, W.M. and Galloway, D.J. 1997. New Zealand Lichens. Checklist, Key, and Glossary. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, 192 pp. [contains a marvelous illustrated glossary; notable for illustrations of ascus types]

Ulloa, M. and Hanlin, R.T. 2000. Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, 448 pp. [many line drawings and photographs; limited to defining and illustrating technical terms, including those used in lichenology]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [a good, partially illustrated glossary; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm for more details see annotation under "Twenty most useful"]

Thorpe, T. 1981. Russian-English glossary of some biological and related terms used in lichenology. In. Brodo, I.M. (ed.). Handbook of the lichens of the USSR. Translations of keys contained in volumes 1, 3-5. (National Museums of Canada, Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa), in several individually numbered sections. pp. 1-9.

Berger, K. 1980. Mykologisches Wörterbuch. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. 432 pp. [This useful book presents side by side in 8 languages 3200 words commonly used in mycological literature. The 8 languages are German, English, French, Spanish, Latin, Russian, Polish, and Czech. Seven separate indexes makes it possible to translate starting with any of the 8 languages.]

Hornak, K.A. 1998. Diccionario de Liquenología (Dictionary of Lichenology). Editorial Castillo La Vieja, Horsham, Pennsylvania. 293 + 29 pp. [Spanish-English and English-Spanish translations of lichenological and ecological terms, but no definitions; ca. 6500 entries; the word "lichen" in 30 languages; tree species in three languages, including Latin; bibliography lacks author names]

Sipman, H. 2001. Glossary of technical terms. {Online} Permanently stored at the Lichen Key Archive. Available: http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/LichenKey/Current/Sipman/neokeya.htm#glossary [modest in length, but available online]

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Culberson, W.L., Egan, R.S. and Esslinger, T.L. 1997-. Search recent literature on lichens {Online}. (Presented on the Web by E. Timdal; first posted 1997.04.14, latest update 2001.04.27.) Available: http://www.nhm.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/sok_rll.htm {accessed 2001 September 13} [this online searchable bibliography contains references to almost all works related to lichens published after 1951; has keywords and abstracts, which usually mention new scientific names and combinations; is based upon the series in Bryologist, as cited next; can be searched at the same time as "Mattick's Index"]

Sipman, H. 2001. Mattick's Literature Index {Online}. (Presented on the Web by E. Timdal; first posted 2001.06.12; latest update 2001.06.12.) Available: http://www.nhm.uio.no/botanisk/lav/RLL/MATTICK.HTM {accessed 2001 September 13} [this online searchable bibliography presently contains references to ca. 90% of the lichen literature from 1975 to 1950; limited keywords, a few abstracts; may be searched at the same time as "Recent Literature on Lichens"]

Triebel, D. and Rambold, G. 1998-. DALI: Database of ascomycete literature {Online}. Botanische Staatssammlung München, Munich. Available: http://www.mycology.net/index.cfm {accessed 2001 January 23} [Searchable database of 4,000 references on the systematic and taxonomic studies of ascomycetes. It concentrates on the Lecanorales, Leotiales and the ecological group of lichenicolous fungi, but also has references to pyrenocarpous and mitosporic fungi. Other fungal biblographies ara also available via links at Mycology Net.]

Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M., Sutton, B.C. and Pegler, D.N. 1995. Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of Fungi. Eighth Edition. CAB International, Wallingford. xii +616 pp. [literature citations by genus and topic]

Hawksworth, D.L. and Ahti, T. 1990. A bibliographic guide to the lichen flora of the world , second edition. Lichenologist 22: 1-78. Available as a reprint from the British Lichen Society http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm . [list of major floras, by geographical region]

Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) Coordinating Office. 1997. Selected books on lichens (for monitoring projects using lichens). Science Directorate of Environment Canada. Available: http://eqb-dqe.cciw.ca/eman/ecotools/protocols/terrestrial/lichens/part4.html {accessed 1999 September 23} [references on four topics: biological monitoring of pollution, lichen ecology, texts, and lichen identification]

Biosis. 1980-. Biological Abstracts {CD-ROM}. distributed by Ovid Technologies, Inc. Available locally by subscription or online for a fixed fee http://www.biosis.org/ [abstracts many botany journals; includes a number of lichenological citations not found in Recent Literature on Lichens; worth searching when completeness is needed; most university science libraries subscribe to this service]

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Esslinger, T.L. and Egan, R.S. 1995. A sixth checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous, and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. Bryologist 98: 467-549. [the standard reference for nomenclature in North America]

Santesson, R. 1993. The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Sweden and Norway. SBT-förlaget, Lund. 240 pp. [many lichenologists use this checklist as their standard source for species names; however many of the 2,600 species covered are not in North America, and it is now a little out of date; cites references for each genus and species, but many of these pertain to their distribution in Scandinavia]

Wirth, V. 1994. Checkliste der Flechten und flechtenbewohnenden Pilze Deutschlands - eine Arbeitshilfe {Checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Germany}. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A Biiologie 517: 1-63. [includes 1835 species and 1600 synonyms in a separate list]

Nimis, P.L. 1993 The Lichens of Italy. An Annotated Catalogue. Museu regionale di scienze naturali, Torino, Monograph 12: 1-897.

Filson, R.B. 1996. Checklist of Australian Lichens and Allied Fungi. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series, No. 7, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. 204 pp.

Feuerer, T. 2000-. Checklists of Lichens {online}. Available: http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/biologie/ialb/herbar/lichenw.htm {accessed 2000 June 1}. [links to 18 online national checklists]

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Anonymous. 2000. FungalNet {Online}. Available: http://www.fungalweb.com/searchframes.html {accessed 2001 September 13}. [contains an expanding, searchable taxonomic tree to ALL fungal groups down to the genus level; includes generic synonyms, as well as accepted taxa; includes lichenized and lichenicolous groups; the tree itself can take up to a minute to load on the left side of the screen]

O.E. Eriksson (Web Editor), Baral, H.-O. , Currah, R.S., Hansen, K., Kurtzman, C.P., Rambold, G. and Laessøe, T. 2001. Outline of Ascomycota - 2001 {Online). Myconet. Available: http://www.umu.se/myconet/Myconet.html {accessed 2001 September 13} [the lastest classification system of the ascomycetes down to the family level; treats only accepted taxa; includes most lichens and lichenicolous groups, as well as non-lichenized ascomycetes; taxonomic decisions are made by several editorial boards]

Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M., Sutton, B.C. and Pegler, D.N. 1995. Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of Fungi. Eighth Edition. CAB International, Wallingford. xii +616 pp. [includes a systematic arrangement of all fungi down to the level of genus; includes all lichenized groups; keys to the family level]

Eriksson, O.E. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1993. Outline of the ascomycetes - 1993. Systema Ascomycetum 12(1-2): 51-257. [an alphabetical listing of accepted orders, with the accepted families in each; an alphabetical list of accepted families, with the accepted genera in each; separate alphabetical indexes to orders, families, and genera include both accepted and unaccepted names]

Eriksson, O.E. and Winka, K. 1998. Families and higher taxa of Ascomycota. Myconet 1: 17-24. [only accepted taxa are treated]

Tehler, A. 1996 systematics, phylogeny and classification. In: Nash, T.H., III (ed.). Lichen biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. pp. 217-239. [another view]

Harris, R.C. 1994. A guide to the higher groups of New York State lichens. (unpublished) 34 pp. [Nested keys to the orders and families occurring in New York; drawings of asci, ascal tips, and paraphyses; notes on each family usually include a list of the genera found in New York; the taxonomic arrangement differs somewhat from that of Eriksson and of Hawksworth; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

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Taylor, C.J. 1967-1968. The lichens of Ohio. Part I. Foliose lichens. Part II. Fruticose and cladoniform lichens. Ohio State University, Columbus. 227 + 22 pp. [how to collect and curate lichens]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1979. How to know the lichens, 2nd ed. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 246 pp. [how to collect and curate lichens]

Brodo, I.M. 1988. Lichens of the Ottawa region, second edition. Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Spec. Publication 3: 1-115, Ottawa. [how to collect and curate lichens; copies still available from the author. ibrodo@mus-nature.ca ]

May, P.F. 2000. How to collect lichens {Online}. Available: http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/lichens/collecting.html [tips on collecting]

Malcolm, W.M and Garnock-Jones, P.J. 2000. Photographing lichens without a camera. Australasian Lichenology 47: 17-22. [techniques for using a scanner to make color images of lichens]

Hawksworth D.L. 1974. Mycologist's Handbook, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew. 231 pp. [methods for collecting, studying, and especially publishing in the field of taxonomy; discussion of rules of nomenclature ]

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Malcolm, W.M. and Galloway, D.J. 1997. New Zealand Lichens. Checklist, Key, and Glossary. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, 192 pp. [formulas of reagents and stains, p. 189; techniques for microscopic examination of specimens, pp. 179-183; the best instructions for staining asci, pp. 180-181, many drawings of stained asci]

Orange, A., James, P.W., and White, F.J. 2001. Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society. 101 pp. [a long list of stains, a whole chapter on the use of iodine compunds; includes tables giving iodine reactions of several polysaccharides and showing the distribution of lichenan in selected genera; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [technique for squash preparations and staining asci; reagents; pp. 4-8; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Thomson, J.W. 2000. Using the ascus apex in lichen identification. Evansia 17: 41-43. [an easily obtained description of ascus staining; some of the illustrations of asci are oversimplified]

Ryan, B. 1994-1999. Working keys for the identification of North American lichens. {diskette} Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [whole sections on technique and staining; for details see annotation under "Twenty most useful"]]

Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M., Sutton, B.C. and Pegler, D.N. 1995. Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of Fungi. Eighth Edition. CAB International, Wallingford, xii +616 pp. [see articles under "stains" and "iodine"]

Common, R.S. 1991. The distribution and taxonomic significance of lichenan and isolichenan in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina), as determined by iodine reactions. I. Introduction and methods. II. The genus Alectoria and associated taxa. Mycotaxon 41: 67-112. [contains a long discussion of staining with various iodine reagents and the effects of their concentrations on the appearance specimens under the compound microscope]

Baral, H.O. 1987. Lugol's solution/IKI versus Melzer's reagent: Hemiamyloidity, a universal feature of the ascus wall. Mycotaxon 29: 399-450. [discussion of iodine reactions}

Baral, H.O. 1992. Vital versus herbarium taxonomy: morphological differences between living and dead cells of ascomycetes, and their taxonomic implications. Mycotaxon 44: 333-390. [discusses the effects of various mounting media on the appearance of specimens, how to tell live from dead cells, and the changes in appearance cells undergo after death]

Delly, J.G. 1988. Photography through the microscope, ninth edition. Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York, 104 pp. [includes detailed instructions for the proper use of microscopes, such as aligning the components and adjusting the diaphragms and condenser.

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Wright, D. 1996. An introduction to lichen spot tests. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 3(1): 9-12. [spot tests, a very detailed treatment with discussion of problems; drawings]

Orange, A., James, P.W., and White, F.J. 2001. Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society. 101 pp. [a chapter on spot tests; table of reactions; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Tucker, S. and Bratt, C. 1996. A minority recommendation on spot test methods for lichens. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 3(1): 12-13. [spot tests, alternate methods to Wright (1996), also detailed]

McCune, B and Rosentreter, R. 1993. Improved spot tests for Bryoria. Evansia 10: 58-60. [a method of spot testing for use when the thallus color obscures the results; it uses acetone extracts on a porcelain spot plate]

Brodo, I.M. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1977. Alectoria and allied genera in North America. Opera Botanica 42: 1-164. [a method of spot testing for when thallus color obscures the results; it uses filter paper; illustration]

Dey, J.P. 1978. Fruticose and foliose lichens of the high-mountain areas of the southern Appalachians. Bryologist 81: 1-93. [a list of common lichen substances and their spot test reactions]

Dahl, E. and Krog, H. 1973. Macrolichens of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Scandinavian University Books, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. 185 pp. [a list of common lichen substances and their spot test reactions]

Malcolm, W.M., and Galloway, D.J. 1997. New Zealand Lichens. Checklist, Key, and Glossary. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, 192 pp. [key to spot test reactions, p. 182; some errors in key]

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Taylor, C.J. 1967-1968. The lichens of Ohio. Part I. Foliose lichens. Part II. Fruticose and cladoniform lichens. Ohio State University, Columbus. 227 + 22 pp. [the best and most detailed information on microcrystal tests; many photographs of recrystallized lichen substances]

Huneck, S. and Yoshimura, I. 1996. Identification of Lichen Substances. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 493 pp. [instructions for microcrystal tests; many photos of recrystallized lichen substances; available at http://www.springer-ny.com ]

Thomson, J.W. 1967. The lichen genus Cladonia in North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 172 pp. [microcrystal tests; some photographs of recrystallized lichen substances]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1979. How to know the lichens, 2nd ed. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 246 pp. [ brief introduction to microcrystal tests; a few small photographs of recrystallized lichen substances]

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Orange, A., James, P.W., and White, F.J. 2001. Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society. 101 pp. [the best TLC cookbook; inlcudes 2-dimensional TLC, TLC of xanthones and fatty acids, table of Rf values for systems C. A. B', and G, charts for difficult groups;,safety data; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

White, F.J. and James, P.W. 1985. A new guide to microchemical techniques for the identification of lichen substances. British Lichen Society Bulletin, 57 (Supplement): 1-41. [spot tests, UV fluorescence, and an introduction to thin-layer chromotography; a list of lichen substances, their TLC Rf classes for systems A, B, and C, color, color under UV light]

Culberson, C.F. 1972. Improved conditions and new data for the identification of lichen products by a standardized thin-layer chromatographic method. Journal of Chromatography 72: 113-125. [introduces and summarizes the standard TLC methodology for identifying lichen substances; contains a list of lichen substances with their Rf values and classes}

Arup, U., Ekman, S., Lindblom, L. and Mattsson, J.-E. 1993. High performance thin layer chromotography (HPTLC), an improved technique for screening lichen substances. Lichenologist 25: 61-71. [introduces and describes the technique]

Culberson, C.F. 1969. Chemical and Botanical Guide to Lichen Products. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. xi + 628 pp. [lists the lichen substances contained in about 2,000 species with; gives physical and chemical data for most lichen substances known at the time]

Huneck, S. and Yoshimura, I. 1996. Identification of Lichen Substances. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 493 pp. [chemical and physical data on all presently know lichen substances, including their Rf values in several TLC solvent systems; available at http://www.springer-ny.com ]

Mietzsch, E., Lumbsch, H.T. and Elix, J.A. 1992. Wintabolites {program on diskette and printed users manual}. Published by the authors, Essen. 54 pp. Available from H Thorsten Lumbsch at lumbsch@uni-essen.de [this wonderful program contains an interactive database which allows the user to enter Rf values and other experimental data from TLC; the program provides a list of lichen substances that match or nearly match the data; the user may also directly access the stored data for each substance in the database]

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Feige, G.B., Lumbsch, H.T., Huneck, S. and Elix, J.A. 1993. Identification of lichen substances by a standardized high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Journal of Chromatography 646: 417-427. [describes the technique]

Yoshimura, I., Kinoshita, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Huneck, S. and Yamada, Y. 1994. Analysis of secondary metabolites from lichens by high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector. Phytochemical analysis 5: 195-205. [includes UV spectral data and retention times for a large number of lichen substances]

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[Here is a list of the active journals and series cited most often in this Guide to the Literature. We have provided the website URLs for these journals in case you wish to subscribe or order back issues. You may read or download articles from some journals online. However, generally the best way to get single articles is from a library. See how ]

Annales Botanici Fennici http://www.sekj.org/

Bibliotheca Lichenologica http://www.schweizerbart.de/j/

Bryologist http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/bryologist.html or http://www.devonian.ualberta.ca/bryologist/ [at present these sites provide subscription information only; for directions on how to order back issues and special publications, consult the inner back cover of a recent issue]

Bulletin de la Société Linéenne de Provence [no website found]

Bulletin of the California Lichen Society http://ucjeps.herb.berkeley.edu/rlmoe/cals.html [articles may be read online]

Canadian Journal of Botany http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_desc_e?cjb

Herzogia http://www.schweizerbart.de/j/

Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/hattori.html

Lichenologist http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm [subscriptions only] http://www.academicpress.com/lichenol [articles available online from 1993 forward]

Mycotaxon http://ww1.mycotaxon.com/fungi/

Nova Hedwigia http://www.schweizerbart.de/j/

Nova Hedwigia Beihefte (supplements) http://www.schweizerbart.de/j/

Plant Systematics and Evolution http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00606/index.htm

Sendtnera (formerly Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München) http://www.botanik.biologie.uni-muenchen.de/botsyst/sendtner.htm [table of contents and instructions for authors only]

Sommerfeltia http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/sommerf/sm_intro.htm

Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses http://tango.its.uu.se/acta/ACTA-ENG.taf?function=titlar&_UserReference=BBD5C9A90726052138D71D9C&NYA=NEJ&SERIE_uid1=0082-0644

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Here are some institutions where there are major or well-identified collections of preserved lichens. They are organized alphabetically by state or province. We provide a website when known and useful. Addresses, phone numbers, and e-mail addresses of contact persons for all herbaria worldwide may be obtained online from the Index Herbariorum (at http://www.nybg.org/bsci/ih/ih.html ). We have cited each collection’s standard acronym to aid in searching the online index.

Location

AB: University of Alberta Cryptogamic Herbarium (ALTA) http://www.museums.ualberta.ca/dig/naturalhist/plant/cryptogamic/

AZ: Arizona State University Lichen Herbarium (ASU), Tempe http://ces.asu.edu/ASULichens/

BC: University of British Columbia Herbarium, Vancouver (UBC) http://herbarium.botany.ubc.ca/index.html

CA: Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Herbarium (SBBG) http://www.sbbg.org/herbariu.htm

CA: University of California, Berkeley (UC) http://ucjeps.herb.berkeley.edu/

CO: University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (COLO) http://www.colorado.edu/CUMUSEUM/research/botany/botany.html

DC: United States National Herbarium (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, D.C. (US) http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/colls.htm

FL: University of Florida Herbarium, Gainesville (FLAS) http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/herbarium/

MA: Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University (FH) http://www.huh.harvard.edu/

ME: University of Maine at Fort Kent (UMFK) http://academic.umfk.maine.edu/lichens/herbar.htm

MI: Michigan State University Herbarium, East Lansing (MSC) http://www.bpp.msu.edu/herbarium/index.html

MI: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (MICH) http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/

MN: Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul (MIN) http://www1.umn.edu/bellmuse/collections.html

NB: Lichen Herbarium, Biology Department, University of Nebraska, Omaha http://www.unomaha.edu/~egan/research.htm [not formally part of OMA, but rather Robert Egan’s personal collection stored there]

NB: New Brunswick Museum, St. John (NBN) http://www.gnb.ca/0130/english/00aa.html

NC: Duke University Herbarium, Durham (DUKE) http://www.biology.duke.edu/facilities/herbarium.html

NE: University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln (NEB) http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/botany/botany.html

NS: Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, Halifax (NSPM) http://nature.museum.gov.ns.ca/backstge/collects/botgen.htm

NY: Cryptogamic Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx (NY) http://www.nybg.org/bsci/herb/

ON: Canadian Museum of Nature (CANL) http://nature.ca/collections/botany_e.cfm

ON: Claude Garton Herbarium, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay (LKHD) http://www.lakeheadu.ca/~biowww/documents/main/support.html

ON: Cryptogamic Herbarium, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (TRTC) http://www.library.utoronto.ca/muskoka_flora/misc/rombtny.htm [webpage not very useful]

ON: Fowler Herbarium, Queens University, Kingston (QK) http://biology.queensu.ca/~fowler/

OR: Oregon State University Herbarium, Corvallis (OSC) http://www.orst.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/index.html

QU: Herbier Jardin Botanique, Montreal (MTJB) [no useful webpage]

QU: Herbier Louis-Marie, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec (QFA) http://www.fsaa.ulaval.ca/fra/faculte_instal-herbier.html

UT: Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo (BRY) http://bioag.byu.edu/mlbean/plants.htm

WA: University of Washington Herbarium, Seattle (WTU) http://depts.washington.edu/wtu/home.htm

WI: Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin, Madison (WIS) http://www.botany.wisc.edu/herbarium/home.html

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Eastern Lichen Network membership list:     http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/eln_address.html

American Bryological and Lichenological Society, membership list:    http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/membership.htm

International Association for Lichenology, Directory of lichenologists:    http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/lichen/

Mycology Net: E-mail addresses of lichenologists and mycologists:     http://www.mycology.net/index.cfm

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American Bryological and Lichenological Society http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls

Eastern Lichen Network http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/

California Lichen Society http://ucjeps.herb.berkeley.edu/rlmoe/cals.html

Northwest Lichenologists http://www.proaxis.com/~mccune/nwl.htm

[Standard mail addresses for international groups can be found at http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/ial.htm]

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ABLS listing of Workshops, classes, seminars, and forays: http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/Workshops%20and%20Seminars.htm

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ABLS internet resources for bryologists and lichenologists: http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/resources.html [many links, up to date, organized by categories,]

The Lichens: http://www.is.kochi-u.ac.jp/Bio/lichens/lich-f-2.html [many links]

California Lichen Society: http://ucjeps.herb.berkeley.edu/rlmoe/cals.html [many links]

Links to Lichens and Lichenologists: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/hmpage.html [many, somewhat out of date]

North American Lichens: http://www.lichen.com/links.html [some links]

British Lichen Society http://www.thebls.org.uk/links.htm [many links]

International Association for Lichenology http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/ial.htm [addresses of lichen societies worldwide]

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Explanation:

 This section contains revisions, monographs, and other useful works that are restricted to one genus, a few related genera, or to a group of species. We have chosen works that will directly help with identification. Usually they include keys and/or descriptions of species.

·   We do NOT (typically) cite again the regional and national floras listed in the previous parts of the bibliography even though they may be extremely useful. We have made this decision in order to avoid endless repetition of citations. Therefore we urge the reader to consult the relevant regional, national, and European floras listed previously.

·   The taxa recognized in this section follow A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada (a periodically updated online version of the "Sixth Checklist"). We used the checklist version of June, 1999. For subsequently added genera we've generally listed only references new since March, 2000. Most species-level changes in nomenclature and taxonomy have been ignored. We recommend downloading the most recent version of the checklist for use with this bibliography. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm

·   References are cited in the approximate order of usefulness for identification.

·   We have included headings for families and orders when there are useful keys available; For example, there are listings both for Arthonia and Arthoniales.

·   The number in parenthesis after each genus name is the number of species on North American checklist, as of June, 1999. This number will not be kept current and so will become inaccurate over time. A number in brackets--occasionally provided--represents the number of North American species reported in the recent literature, if different from the checklist of June, 1999.

·   We have annotated most citations with at least the following information:

• whether the reference has a key;

• the number of species treated for the genus (as used in the reference, or sometimes in a more recent restricted sense);

• the number of species treated in the publication that are "on the North American list"*; this number will not be kept current and so will become inaccurate over time;

• whether the reference provides species descriptions or characterizations;

• whether the reference provides useful illustrations.

If an annotation does not mention a key, descriptions, or illustrations, the reference lacks the item, at least to a useful degree.

Unless otherwise stated, any species mentioned by name in an annotation is described in the reviewed reference and will be found on the North American checklist.

In some instances, we provide the name and e-mail address of a distributor or publisher for a reference. Authors and distributors of unpublished works sometimes charge a fee for their expenses and time. Book publishers and distributors normally charge both for their publications and for mailing expenses.

First letter of genus:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [key, 12 species, 7 on N. Am. list, in Esperanto]

Hafellner, J. 1994. Beiträge zu einem Prodromus der lichenicolen Pilze Österreichs und angrenzender Gebiete. I. Einige neue oder seltene Arten (Contributions to a preliminary study of the lichenicolous fungi of Austria and adjacent areas. I. Some new or rare species) Herzogia 10: 1-28. [A. bryoriarum, description, drawing of anatomy]

Cole, M.S. and Hawksworth, D.L. 2001. Lichenicolous fungi, mainly from the USA, including Patriciomyces gen. nov. [A. tulasnei newly described and illustrated; A. microsperma descriptive note]

Diederich, P. 1990. New or interesting lichenicolous fungi 1. Species from Luxembourg. Mycotaxon 37: 297-330. [A. prodiens, illustration]

Vezda, A. 1965. Flechtensystematische Studien II. Absconditella, eine neue Flachtengattung. Preslia 37: 237-245. [key, 4 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of anatomy]

Poelt, J. and Vezda, A. 1977. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Ergänzungsheft I. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 9. J. Cramer, Valduz. 258 pp. [key, 7 species, 2 on N. Am. list; English translation available as a computer file from Dr. Doyle Anderegg Doyle@uidaho.edu as replacement genera integrated into the English translation of Poelt (1969)]

Vezda, A. and Pisut, I. 1984. Zwei neue Arten der Flechtengattung Absconditella (lichenisierte Stictidaceae, Ostropales) in der Tschechoslowakei. Nova Hedwigia 40: 341-346. [2, species described, A. lignicola on N. Am. list, drawings of anatomy]

Staiger, B., and Kalb, K. 1999. Acanthothecis and other graphidioid lichens with warty periphysoids or paraphysis-tips. Mycotaxon 73: 69-134. [interim world key, 19 species, 2 on North American list; descriptions, drawings of 11 species; generic description and delimitation; also, key to all known graphidioid species with warty periphyses or paraphysis-tips]

Magnusson, A.H. 1956. A second supplement to the monograph of Acarospora with keys. Göteborgs Kongliga Vetenskaps och vitterhets Samballes Nya Handlingar 6(17): 1-34. [key to about 85 N. Am. species, about 70 of which still on N. Am. list; also a world key to about 105 species published after 1929, descriptions of several new species, of which 2 are still on list]

Clauzade, G., Roux, C. and Rieux, R. 1981. Les Acarospora de I'Europe occidentale et de la region méditerranéenne. Bulletin du musée d’histoire naturelle de Marseille 41: 41-93. [key, 69 species in the broad sense; 27 species of Acarospora in the strict sense on N. Am. list; descriptions integrated into key, fine drawings of thalli; synonymizes many of Magnusson’s species; recognizes more yellow species than Weber]

Magnusson, A.H. 1929. A monograph of the genus Acarospora. Kongelige Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 7(4): 1-400. [world key each for the 48 yellow and 151 brown species; descriptions; the yellow species are now represented by 1 or 2 species on the N. Am. list; about 40 brown species on the N. Am. list]

Weber, W.A. 1968. A taxonomic revision of Acarospora, subgenus, Xanthothallia. Lichenologist 4: 16-31. [a radical lumping of yellow Acarospora into only two species, one of which is now the type species of Pleopsidium]

Golubkova, N.S. 1988. The Lichen Family Acarosporaceae in the U.S.S.R. Komarov Botanical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. (`Nauka'), Leningrad. 136 pp. [key, 57 species, about 20 on N. Am. list, descriptions, in Russian]

Magnusson, A.H. 1929. The lichen genus Acarospora in New Mexico. Meddelanden fran Göteborgs Botaniska Trädgard (Acta Horti Gotoburgensis (Gothoburgensis)) 5: 55-72. [notes on twenty species, 13 brown and 1 yellow still on N. Am. list, 7 described as new]

Magnusson, A.H. 1935. Acarosporaceae und Thelocarpaceae. In Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 9,5(l): 1-318. [key, 98 species, 2 yellow and 22 brown species on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Magnusson, A.H. 1929. The yellow species of Acarospora in North America. Mycologia 21: 249-260. [key, 16 species, 2 still on N. Am. list, descriptions of 8 new species]

Coppins, B.J. and James, P.W. 1978. New or interesting British lichens II. Lichenologist 10: 179-207. [key, 5 species, 4 on N. Am. list]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 4 N. Am. species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Harris, R.C. 1975. A taxonomic revision of the genus Arthopyrenia Massal. s. lat. (Ascomycetes) in North America. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 288 pp. [key, 3 species, 3 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of spores and other anatomical features; available from UMI Dissertation Services at http://www.umi.com/hp/Support/DExplorer/ dissertation number 7605564]

Swinscow, T.D.V. 1970. Pyrenocarpous lichens: 14. Arthopyrenia Massal. sect. Acrocordia (Massal.) Müll. Arg. in the British Isles. Lichenologist 4: 218-233. [key, 5 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of anatomy]

Tibell, L. 1984. A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales. In Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 597-713. [description of the new monospecific genus Acrocyphus, key to genera of Caliciales in the broad sense]

Tibell, L. 1996. Flora Neotropica Monograph 69: Caliciales. New York Botanical Garden, New York, 78 pp. [description of the only species in genus, generic key, photograph]

Matzer, M. and Hafellner, J. 1990. Eine Revision der lichenicolen Arten der Sammelgattung Rosellina (Ascomycetes). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 37. J. Cramer, Berlin. 138 pp. + 8 pl. [key, 2 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations, key to related genera]

Triebel, D., Rambold, G. and Nash, TH, III. 1991. On lichenicolous fungi from continental North America. Mycotaxon 42: 263-296. [N. Am. specimens have smaller spores]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141.[key 3 species, 1 on N. Am. list, in Esperanto]

Hertel, H. and Rambold, G. 1995. On the genus Adelolecia (lichenized Ascomycotina, Lecanorales). In Knoph, J-G., Schrüfer, K. and Sipman, H.J.M. (eds.). Studies in Lichenology with Emphasis on Chemotaxonomy, Geography and Phytochemistry. Festschrift Christian Leuckert. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 57. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart, pp. 211-230. [descriptions of 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list]

Rambold, G. (no date). Lecanoraceae: Adelolecia {Online}. In: LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Listed in the DAP key as a taxonomic group under "Species of Lecanora (subset L. subfusca group)." Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm {accessed 2001 January 23}. [online interactive multiple-access world key; 2 species of Adelolecia, 2 on N. Am. list; problems with key when last accessed]

Hafellner, J. 1984. Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae. In Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 241-371. [Adelolecia-a new genus; illustration of anatomy of A. pilati]

Coppins, B.J. and James, P.W. 1978. New or interesting British lichens II. Lichenologist 10: 179-207. [detailed key, 2 species, 1 on N. Am. list photo]

Swinscow, T.D.V. 1971. Pyrenocarpous lichens: 15. Key to Polyblastia Massal. in the British Isles. Lichenologist 5: 92-113. [as Polyblastia, description and illustration]

Thomson, J.W. 1960. Agrestia cyphellata, a new genus and species of lichen in the Usneaceae. Bryologist 63: 246-250. [A. hispida as A. cyphellata, description, photos]

Sanders, W.B. 1999. Thallus organization and development in the fruticose lichen Aspicilia californica, with comparisons to other taxa. Lichenologist 31: 149-162. [A. hispida as Aspicilia, characterization, photographs of thallus and anatomy, comparisons]

Brodo, I.M. 1977 ("1976"). Lichenes Canadenses Exsiccati: Fascicle II. Bryologist 79: 385-405. [descriptive/taxonomic note, photos]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [description of genus and 1 species, 1 on N. Am. list; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Dennis, R.W.G. 1978. British Ascomycetes. J. Cramer, Vaduz, 585 pp. [description of genus and 1 species, 1 on N. Am. list, illustration]

Gowan, S.P. and Brodo, I.M. 1988. The lichens of Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, Canada. Bryologist 91: 255-325. [1 species in main key, part VII; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/PublicationsforSale.htm ]

Thell, A., Goward, T., Randlane, T., Kärnefelt, E.I. and Saag, A. 1995. A revision of the North American lichen genus Ahtiana (Parmeliaceae). Bryologist 98: 596-605. [3 species, all on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations; tables comparing species and genera]

Goward, T. 1986 ("1985"). Ahtiana, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae. Bryologist 88: 367-371. [description of genus and A. sphaerosporella, generic comparative table]

Brodo, I.M. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1977. Alectoria and allied genera in North America. Opera Botanica 42: 1-164. [key to Alectorioid species, 8 Alectoria species, descriptions, photos]

Esslinger, T.L. 1977. A chemosystematic revision of the brown Parmeliae. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 42: 1-211. [key to about 60 brown parmelioid lichens in the northern hemisphere, 3 species as Parmelia subgenus Allantoparmelia, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, photographs of thalli]

Esslinger, T.L. 1978. A new status for the brown Parmeliae. Mycotaxon 7: 45-54. [genus characterized; key to similar genera]

Thell, A., Randlane, T., Kärnefelt, I., Gao, Xiang-Q. and Saag, A. 1995. The lichen genus Allocetraria (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). In Daniels, F.J.A., Schulz, M. and Peine, J. (eds.). Flechten Follmann. Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of Gerhard Follmann. Geobotanical and Phytotaxonomical Study Group, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne pp. 353-370. [key, 8 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, a few photographs, table comparing similar genera]

Kärnefelt, I. and Thell, A. 1996. A new classification for the Dactylina/Dufourea complex. Nova Hedwigia 62: 487-511. [generic delimitation and comparisons]

Sheard, J.W. and May, P.F. 1997. A synopsis of the species of Amandinea (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) as presently known in North America. Bryologist 100: 159-169. [key, 6 species, 6 on N. Am. list, descriptions or brief characterizations, EM photographs of spore ornamentation]

Scheidegger, C. 1993. A revision of European saxicolous species of the genus Buellia de Not. and formerly included genera. Lichenologist 25: 315-364. [Amandinea reinstated as a genus and described; 3 species in key to Buellia in the wide since, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Brodo, I.M. and Hertel, H. 1987. The lichen genus Amygdalaria Porpidiaceae) in North America. Herzogia 7: 493-521. [8 species, 7 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Inoue, M. 1984. Japanese crustose lichen genera formerly reported under Lecidea sensu lato. 1. Amygdalaria Norman. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 56: 321-330. [key, 3 species, 3 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Timdal, E. 1991. Anamylopsora, a new genus in the Lecideaceae. Mycotaxon 42: 249-254. [monospecific, description]

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens. {diskette} Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [key, 5 N. Am. species, descriptions; for details and problems see annotation under "Twenty most useful"]

Kurokawa, S. 1962. A monograph of the genus Anaptychia. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 6: 1-115. [5] [as Anaptychia section and series Anaptychia: key, 7 species, 5 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations; all other 72 species in the monograph have been treated by subsequent authors as Heterodermia]

Herre, A. W. C. T. 1944. A neglected field of study with the description of a new lichen from California. Farlowia 1: 391-393. [1 species described]

Moreno, P.P. and Egea, J. M. 1992. Estudios sobre el complejo Anema-Thyrea-Peccania en el sureste de la Peninsula Iberica y norte de Africa. Acta Botanica Barcinonensia 41: 1-66. [revision; generic delimitations; key, 6 species, none on N. Am. list, descriptions, photographs; key to genera, comparative table]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [provisional world key to Anisomeridium in the broad sense (includes Ditremis}, 76 species, a of which have not yet been described; 20 on N. Am. list, notes and some descriptions; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Harris, R.C. 1975. A taxonomic revision of the genus Arthopyrenia Massal. s. lat. (Ascomycetes) in North America. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 288 pp. [key, 16 species, 14 presently on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of spores and other anatomical features; available from UMI Dissertation Services at http://www.umi.com/hp/Support/DExplorer/ dissertation number 7605564]

Harris, R.C. 1990. Some Florida Lichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, New York. 109 pp. [as Ditremis: key to 13 species, plus 3 yet unnamed, 11 named species still on N. Am. list, taxonomic notes, 3 species described as new; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Harris, R.C. 1973. The corticolous pyrenolichens of the Great Lakes Region. Michigan Botanist 12: 3-68. [2 common temperate species (A. biforme and A. nyssigenum, both as Arthopyrenia) in general key, spore drawings, notes]

Harris, R.C. 1989. A sketch of the family Pyrenulaceae (Melanommatales) in eastern North America. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 49: 74-107. [key, 6 species, descriptions, spore drawings]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 6 species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Dey, J.P. 1978. Fruticose and foliose lichens of the high-mountain areas of the southern Appalachians. Bryologist 81: 1-93. [key, 3 species, spot tests]

Culberson, W.L. 1961. A second Anzia in North America. Brittonia 13: 381-384. [A. ornata, description, photograph of thallus, comparisons with A. colpodes]

Yoshimura, I. and Sharp, A.J. 1968. Some lichens from the southern Appalachians and Mexico. Bryologist 71:108-113. [A. americana newly described; illustration]

Scheidegger, C. 1985. Systematische Studien zur Krustenflechte Anzina carneonivea (Trapeliaceae, Lecanorales). Nova Hedwigia 41: 191-218. [describes in detail the monospecific genus, illustrations, comparisons with Trapelia]

Kärnefelt, I., Mattsson, J-E. and Thell, A. 1993. The lichen genera Arctocetraria, Cetraria, and Cetrariella (Parmeliaceae) and their presumed evolutionary affinities. Bryologist 96: 394-404. [new genus, generic comparisons, ascal illustrations; 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions of mycological characters only]

Kärnefelt, I. 1979. The brown fruticose species of Cetraria. Opera Botanica 46: 1-150. [2 N. Am. species in key to 14 species of Cetraria in the broad sense, full descriptions, photographs]

Henssen, A. 1969. Eine Studie über die Gattung Arctomia. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 63: 126-138. [key, 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1986. Arctoparmelia, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 25: 251-254. [5 species, 4 on N. Am. list, characterizations and comparisons, generic delimitation]

Ryan, B.D. and Nash, T.H., III. 1997. Placodioid taxa of Lecanoraceae sensu Zahlbr. (lichenized Ascomycotina) in North America: taxa excluded from Lecanora subg. Placodium. Nova Hedwigia 64(3-4): 393-420. [A. thuleana in key to placidioid groups and genera, comparative characterization]

Poelt, J. 1983. Über den Formenkreis der Flechte Lecanora contractula. International Journal of Mycology and Lichenology 1: 143-160. [A. thuleana a new genus and species, description and drawings, comparisons with L. contractula]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [key, 77 species, descriptions]

Willey, H. 1890. Synopsis of the genus Arthonia. New Bedford, Mass., 62 pp. [treats 348 species, of which about 65 are now in Arthothelium; about 95 N. Am. Arthonia species (probably several more under old names); partial key (from 1 to 40 species per terminus of key), brief descriptions]

Egea, J.M. and Torrente, P. 1995. Especies saxícolas del género Arthonia (Arthoniaceae) en áreas costeras de California y Baja California (Estados Unidos y México). In Daniels, F.J.A., Schulz, M. and Peine, J. (eds.). Flechten Follmann. Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of Gerhard Follmann. Geobotanical and Phytotaxonomical Study Group, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne pp. 193-204. [key, 8 species, 6 N. Am. species; A. infectans and A. madreana described as new and illustrated with anatomical photographs]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [detailed key, 38 lichenicolous species, 11 on N. Am. list, in Esperanto]

Redinger, K. 1937. Arthoniaceae. In Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 9,2 (1): 1-180. [key, 47 species, 19 on N. Am. list, descriptions, some drawings]

Almquist, S. 1880. Monographia Arthoniarum Scandanaviae. Kongl. Swvenska Ventenskaps-akademiens handlingar 17(6): 1-69. [key, 27 species plus varieties, 22 on N. Am. list, descriptions, in Latin]

Grube, M. (no date). Arthoniaceae: Arthonia (subset taxa with red pigments) {Online). In: LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm {accessed 1999 September 30}. [online interactive multiple-access world key to Arthonia and Arthothelium with red pigments, about 55 species, 5 on N. Am. list]

Coppins, B.J. and James, P.W. 1978. New or interesting British lichens II. Lichenologist 10: 179-207. [key to 6 gray pruinose species, 2 on N. Am. list ]

Grube, M., Matzer, M. and Hafellner, J. 1995. A preliminary account of the lichenicolous Arthonia species with reddish, K+ reactive pigments. Lichenologist 27: 25-42. [key, 9 species, 0 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Grube, M. 1998. Classification and phylogeny in the Arthoniales (lichenized Ascomycetes). Bryologist 101: 377-391.

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [N. Am. key, 15 species in the narrow sense, notes and new species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Harris, R.C. 1975. A taxonomic revision of the genus Arthopyrenia Massal. s. lat. (Ascomycetes) in North America. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 288 pp. [key, 24 species, 14 still on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of spores and other anatomical features; available from UMI Dissertation Services at http://www.umi.com/hp/Support/DExplorer/ dissertation number 7605564]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [key, 13 species, 13 still on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Willey, H. 1890. Synopsis of the genus Arthonia. New Bedford, Mass., 62 pp. [treats about 65 species as muriform Arthonia; about 14 N. Am. species; partial key is not useful; brief descriptions]

Coppins, B.J. and James, P.W. 1979. New or interesting British lichens III. Lichenologist 11: 27-45. [key, about 10 species, 2 on N. Am. list]

Grube, M. and Giralt, M. 1996. Studies on some species of Arthothelium occurring in the western Mediterranean. Lichenologist 28: 15-36. [key, 6 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, spore illustrations]

Hansen, E.S. and Obermayer, W. 1999. Notes on Arthrorhaphis and its lichenicolous fungi in Greenland. Bryologist 102(1): 104-107. [key, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list; characterizations, notes; also characterizations of 3 parasites of Arthrorhaphis]

Obermayer, W. 1994. Die Flechtengattung Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Ascomycotina) in Europa und Grönland. Nova Hedwigia 58(3-4): 275-333.[key, 5 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Santesson, R. and Tønsberg, T. 1994. Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa and A. olivaceae, two new lichenicolous fungi. Lichenologist 26: 295-299. [description of 2 new species, 1 on N. Am. list, photographs of asci and spores]

Obermayer, W. 1996. The genus Arthrorhaphis in the Himalayas, the Karakorum and the subalpine and alpine regions of south-eastern Tibet. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 80: 331-342. [key to 3 yellow species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions of species and of genus]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1983. A key to the lichen-forming, parasitic, parasymbiotic and saprophytic fungi occurring on lichens in the British Isles. Lichenologist 15: 1-44. [2 species in overall key, 2 on N. Am. list]

Vainio, E.A. 1922. Lichenographia fennica. Volume 2. Acta Societatis pro Flora et Fauna Fennica 53: 266-268. [1 species as Bilimbia section Arthrospora, key to 25 species of Bilimbia; descriptions, in Latin]

Gao, X. 1991. Studies in species of the lichen genus Asahinea. Nordic Journal of Botany 11: 483-485. [2 species, 2 on N. Am. list descriptions]

Culberson, W.L. and Culberson, C.F. 1965. Asahinea, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae. Brittonia 17: 182-190. [genus described, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, photographs of thalli]

Magnusson, A.H. 1939. Studies in species of Lecanora - mainly the Aspicilia gibbosa group. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar , Ser. 3, 17(5): 1-182. [key, 114 species as Lecanora, est. 30 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations of thalli]

Magnusson, A.H. 1952. Lichens from Torne Lappmark. Arkiv för Botanik, Series II, 2: 45-249. [key to about 70 Arctic species of Aspicilia in the broad sense, as Lecanora subgenus Aspicilia, est. 30 on N. Am. list, a few species described]

Rosentreter, R. 1998. Notes on the Aspicilia reptans complex, with descriptions of two new species. In: Glenn, M.G., Harris, R.C., Dirig, R., and Cole, M.S. (eds.): Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon Ltd., Ithaca, New York pp. 163-170. [key to terricolous Aspicilia in western N. Am., 5 species, 4 presently on N. Am. list; A. californica and A. filiformis new species; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/]

Ekman, S. and Froberg, L 1988. Taxonomical problems in Aspicilia contorta and A. hoffmannii -- an effect of hybridization? International Journal of Mycology and Lichenology 3: 215-225. [brief descriptions of A contorta and A. calcarea; photographs of thalli]

Fryday, A.M. 2001. Additions to the lichen flora of North America??[sic]. Agonimia allobata and Aspicilia grisea. Evansia 18: 87-89. [brief description of A. grisea]

Lücking, R. 1992. Foliicolous Lichens - A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Lichen Flora of Costa Rica, Central America. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, 104, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 179 pp. [key, 4 species, 1 on N. Am. list, brief notes, drawings of asci, spores, and paraphyses; photographs of aspect]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 12(1): 1-590. [key, 4 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustration of perithecia of A. fugiens]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [1 species in key to Thelenella; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Tibell, L. 1991. The Asterophoma anamorph of Chaenothecopsis savonica and its hyphomycetous synanamorph. Canadian Journal of Botany 69(11): 2427-2433. [A. mazaediicola, description, many illustrations]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1981. The lichenicolous Coelomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series 9: 1-98. [monospecific new genus, A. mazaediicola, description, drawings of anatomy, key to genera]

Lücking, R. 1992. Foliicolous Lichens - A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Lichen Flora of Costa Rica, Central America. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, 104, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 179 pp. [key, 10 species, 3 on N. Am. list, brief notes, spore drawings of spores and some asci]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 12(1): 1-590. [key, 8 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of spores; 1 N. Am. species as Gyalectidium]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [North American key, 6 species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Harris, R.C. 1984 {1986}. The family Trypetheliaceae (Loculoascomycetes: lichenized Melanommatales) in Amazonian Brazil. Supplement Acta Amazonica 14(1/2): 55-80. [key, 13 species, 4 on N. Am. list, notes]

Jülich, W. 1978. A new lichenized Athelia from Florida. Persoonia 10: 149-151. [key, 4 species, 2 on N. Am. list, A. poeltii description, drawing of anatomy]

Jülich, W. 1972. Monographie der Athelieae (Corticiaceae, Basdiomycetes). Willdenowia, Beihefte 7:1-283. [key, 23 species, A. epiphylla on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of anatomy]

Eriksson, J. and Ryvarden, L. 1973. The Corticiaceae of Northern Europe, vol. 2. Fungiflora, Oslo, pp. 60-261. [11 species, descriptions, illustrations, A. epiphylla in N. Am (not illustrated)]

Lücking, R. 1997. Additions and Corrections to the Knowledge of the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of Costa Rica. The Family Gomphillaceae. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 65. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 109 pp. [key, useful in neotropics, 7 species, 2 on N. Am. list, spore drawings, notes on variation]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [key, 8 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, a few illustrations of thalli]

Kalb, K. and Vezda, A 1988. Neue oder bemerkenswerte Arten der Flechtenfamilie Gomphillaceae in der Neotropis. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 29. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 80 pp. [key to 7 neotropical species, 2 on N. Am. list]

Lücking, R. 1992. Foliicolous Lichens - A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Lichen Flora of Costa Rica, Central America. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, 104, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 179 pp. [key, 5 species, 2 on N. Am. list, brief notes, photographs of thalli]

Vezda, A. 1979. Flechten systematische Studien XI. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Familie Asterothyriaceae (Discolichens). Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 14: 43-94. [illustrations of hyphophores for 5 species, 2 on N. Am. list; key to genera]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

   Be     Bi     Br     Bu

Hawksworth, D.L. 1981. The lichenicolous Coelomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series 9: 1-98. [genus newly described, in key to genera; 1 species, B. uncialicola, description, drawings]

Ekman, S. 1996. The corticolous and lignicolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina in North America. Opera Botanica 127: 1-148. [key, descriptions, 27 species of Bacidia in the strict sense; key to bacidioid genera, generic delimitation, tholus illustrations,]

Wong, P.Y. and Brodo, I.M. 1992. The Lichens of Southern Ontario, Canada. Syllogeus, 69, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa. 79 pp. [key to Bacidia in the broadest sense, 27 taxa, 13 N. Am. species in the narrow sense; available from the publisher at http://nature.ca/prodserv/cat/product_e.cfm?ID=258&Browse=Scientific%20Publication&searchText=]

Tønsberg, T. 1998. Additions to the lichen flora of North America VI. Bryologist 100: 522-524. [B. viridifarinosa]

Vainio, E.A. 1922. Lichenographia Fennica II. Baeomyceae et Lecideales. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 53(l): 1-340. [key, descriptions, 35 species]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [key, 33 foliicolous species of Bacidia in the broad sense]

Ekman, S. 1996. The corticolous and lignicolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina in North America. Opera Botanica 127: 1-148. [key, descriptions, tholus illustrations, 12 species of Bacidina in the strict sense; key to bacidioid genera, generic delimitation]

Vezda, A. 1990. Bacidina genus novum familiae Lecideaceae s. lat. (ascomycetes lichenisati). Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 25: 431-432. [Bacidina a new genus (Latin diagnosis only); new combinations]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [key to Bacidia in the broad sense includes foliicolous species of Bacidina; species not counted]

Egea, J.M. and Torrente, P. 1993. The lichen genus Bactrospora. Lichenologist 25: 211-255. [world key, descriptions, 20 species, 8 on N. Am. list]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 5 species, B. macrospora; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Thomson, J.W. 1967. The lichen genus Baeomyces in North America north of Mexico. Bryologist 70: 285-298. [key, 3 N. Am. species plus two more now in Dibaeis, descriptions]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [key, 3 species plus Dibaeis roseus, illustrations, descriptions]

Gierl, C. and Kalb, K. 1993. Die Flechtengattung Dibaeis. Eine Übersicht über die rosafrüchtigen Arten von Baeomyces sens. lat. nebst Anmerkungen zu Phyllobaeis gen. nov. Herzogia 9: 593-645. [Baeomyces in the broad sense split into 3 genera, ontogeny, ascus types, illustrations]

Ihlen, P.G. 1997. The lichen genus Baeomyces (Leotiales, Ascomycotina) in Norway. Nova Hedwigia 64(1-2): 137-146. [key, 3 species of Baeomyces in the strict sense, 3 on N. Am. list]

Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Unbilicariaceae. In Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 9, 4(1): 1-426. [key, 4 species of Baeomyces in the broad sense, key to forms and varieties, descriptions, illustrations]

Ihlen, P.G. 1998. The lichenicolous fungi on species of the genera Baeomyces, Dibaeis, and Icmadophila in Norway. Lichenologist 30: 27-57. [key, 19 lichenicolous species, descriptions, illustrations]

Harris, R. C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10c tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the Author, Bronx, New York 192 pages. [world key, 9 species, notes]

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens. {diskette} Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [key, 5 species, plus a few undescribed or not yet transferred; for details and problems see annotation under "Twenty most useful"]

Clauzade, G. and Roux, C. 1985. Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita Determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Nouvelle Série, Numéro Spécial 7. Royan, France. 893 pp. [key, 7 species, 4 on N. Am. list]

Clauzade, G. and Roux, C. 1984. Les genres Aspicilia Massal. et Bellemerea Hafellner et Roux. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Nouvelle Série 15: 1. [generic delimitation, illustrations]

Navarro-Rosinés, P. and Llimona, X. 1997. Belonia mediterranea, a new calcicolous lichen species from Catalonia (NE Spain). Lichenologist 29: 15-27. [key to 6 European species, 1 on N. Am. list]

Swinscow, T.D.V. 1964. Pyrenocarpous lichens: 6. Lichenologist 2: 276-283. [B. russula, description and illustration]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [key, 4 species, 1 in N. Am, description; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Vezda, A. 1959. K taxonomii rozsireni a ekologii lisejniku Belonia russula Krb. ve stredni Evrope. (Zur Systematik, Verbreitung und Ökologie der Flechte Belonia russula Kbr. in Mitteleuropa.) Prirodovedny Casopsi Slezsky 20: 241-253. [key to 5 European species of Belonia and 7 of Gongylia, only B. russula on N. Am. list; in German and Czech]

Printzen, C. and Tønsberg, T. 1999. The lichen genus Biatora in northwestern North America. Bryologist 102: 692-713. [key, 15 species of Biatora, plus 4 similar species, some new, some new to N. Am., 9 names on N. Am. list; descriptions for most, photographs of anatomy of new species only]

Printzen, C. 1995. Die Flechtengattung Biatora in Europa. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 60. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 275 pp. [key in German and English, 17 European species, 9 names on N. Am. list, descriptions, spore illustrations]

Printzen, C. (no date). Biatoraceae: Biatora (subset Europe) {Online}. In: LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm {accessed 1999 September 30}. [online interactive multiple-access European key, 17 species, 8 names on the N. Am. list]

Printzen, C. 1995. Some notes on the delimitation of the genus Biatora Fr. (Lecanorales, lichenized ascomycetes). Cryptogamic Botany 5: 105-110. [illustrations]

Ekman, S. 1994. Biatora meiocarpa (Nyl.) Arnold, a misunderstood species. Lichenologist 26: 31-37. [description]

Magnusson, A.H. 1934. On the species of Biatorella and Sarcogyne in America. Annales Cryptogamie Exotique 7: 115-146. [key, 12 species of Biatorella in the broad sense, many now transferred, 4 species of Biatorella in the strict sense on N. Am. list; descriptions; 5th species, B. plicata, is keyed and described under Sarcogyne]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [3 N. Am. species, others have been transferred]

Hafellner, J. 1994. On Biatoridium, a resurrected genus of lichenized fungi (Ascomycotina, Lecanorales). In: Stenroos, S. (ed.) Focus on Lichen Taxonomy and Biogeography: A Festschrift in Honour of Teuvo Ahti. Acta Botanica Fennica, 150, Finnish Botanical Publishing Board, Helsinki, pp. 39-46. [definition of Biatorella in the strict sense; states that some unstudied N. Am. Biatorella species may eventually have to be transferred]

Diederich, P. 1996. The Lichenicolous Heterobasidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Lichenologica.61. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 198 pp. [key to genera, genus, B. usnearum described]

Diederich, P. and Christiansen, M.S. 1994. Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen, and other heterobasidiomycetes on Usnea. Lichenologist 26: 47-66. [description and illustration]

Hafellner, J. 1994. On Biatoridium, a resurrected genus of lichenized fungi (Ascomycotina, Lecanorales). In: Stenroos, S. (ed.) Focus on Lichen Taxonomy and Biogeography: A Festschrift in Honour of Teuvo Ahti. Acta Botanica Fennica, 150, Finnish Botanical Publishing Board, Helsinki, pp. 39-46. [key, 2 species, B. delitescens, photographs]

Hafellner, J. 1997. A world monograph of Brigantiaea (lichenized Ascomycotina, Lecanorales). In: Tibell, L. and Hedberg, I. (eds.). Lichen Studies Dedicated to Rolf Santesson. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 32(1): 35-74. [world key, 15 species, 4 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Krog, H. 1974. Taxonomic studies in the Hypogymnia intestiniformis complex. Lichenologist 6: 135-140. [descriptions of 3 species (as Hypogymnia), 1 on N. Am. list, photographs]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [description, illustration, as Hypogymnia oroarctica]

Goward, T. 1987 ("1986"). Brodoa, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae. Bryologist 89: 219-223. [generic delimitation and comparison]

Kärnefelt, I. 1986. The genera Bryocaulon, Coelocaulon and Cornicularia and formerly associated taxa. Opera Botanica 86: 1-90. [new genus, comparisons; 3 species in overall key, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Golubkova, N.S., Dombrovskaja, A.V., Zhurbenko, M.P., Kotlov, Y.V. and Krusanova, Z.G. 1996. Handbook of the Lichens of Russia. 6. Alectoriaceae, Parmeliaceae, Stereocaulaceae. Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. 204 pp. [key, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, in Russian]

Poelt, J. and Obermayer, W. 1991. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flechtenflora des Himalaya II. Die Gattung Bryonora (Lichenes, Lecanoraceae) zugleich eine Revision aller Arten. Nova Hedwigia 53: 1-26. [world key, 11 species, 4 on N. Am. list, short descriptions]

Holtan-Hartwig, J. 1991. A revision of the lichens Bryonora castanea and B. curvescens. Mycotaxon 40: 295-305. [key, all 4 species on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Poelt, J. 1983. Bryonora, eine neue Gattung der Lecanoraceae. Nova Hedwigia 38: 73-111. [new genus described; key, 6 species, 2 on N. Am. list; detailed descriptions; photographs of morpholoogy and anatomy]

Vezda, A. 1966. Flechtensytematische Studien III. Die Gattungen Ramonia Stiz. und Gloeolecta Lett. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 1: 154-175. [description of B. gloeocapsa (as Gloeolecta bryophagus), detailed drawings]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp.

[1 species in generic key; description; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Brodo, I.M. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1977. Alectoria and allied genera in North America. Opera Botanica 42: 1-164. [key to Alectorioid species, 29 species of Bryoria in the broad sense including Nodobryoria, descriptions, photos, generic diagnosis]

Bystrek, J. and Fabiszewski, J. 1998. Materials to North American lichen flora. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67(1): 87-93. [3 new N. Am. species described or tranferred; also 3 new subspecies by transfer; all described; color photographs]

Common, R. and Brodo, I.M. 1995. Bryoria Sect. Subdivergentes recognized as the new genus Nodobryoria (lichenized Ascomycotina). Bryologist 98: 189-206. [generic delimitation]

Imshaug, H.A. 1951. The lichen-forming species of the genus Buellia occurring in the United States and Canada. Ph.D. dissertation, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, 217 pp. [key, 42 species of Buellia in the broad sense, 33 of which are still in Buellia in the strict sense; descriptions; available from UMI Dissertation Services at http://www.umi.com/hp/Support/DExplorer/ dissertation number 0002607]

Harris, R.C. 1988. Buellia in north and central Florida or the virtues and rewards of collecting. Evansia 5: 37-45. [key, 20 species of Buellia in the broad sense, notes, 3 new species]

Nordin, A. 2000. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Buellia species with pluriseptate spores (Lecanorales, Ascomycotina). Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 33: 1-117. [world key, 35 species, 13 on N. Am. list; descriptions, spore drawings, photographs of thalli]

Scheidegger, C. 1993. A revision of European saxicolous species of the genus Buellia de Not. and formerly included genera. Lichenologist 25: 315-364. [key includes 36 saxicolous species with one-septate spores (43 of Buellia in the broad sense, 11 in the strict sense on the N. Am. list), descriptions, spores conidia, illustrations]

Marbach, B. 2000. Corticole und lignicole Arten der Flechtengattung Buellia sensu lato in den Subtropen und Tropen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 74. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart, 384 pp. [key to approx. 110 species of Buellia in the wide sense, approx. 12 on N. Am. list of Buellia; detailed descriptions, drawings of anatomy for each species; subdivides Buellia into several seggregate genera (not yet accepted in N. Am.)]

Nordin, A 1996. Buellia species (Physciaceae) with pluriseptate spores in Norden. In: Hultgard, U.-M., Martinsson, K. and Moberg, R. (eds.) The Nordic Flora--Towards the Twenty-First Century. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 31(3): 327-354. [key, 7 species, 5 on N. Am. list, 1 transferred, descriptions, illustrations]

Poelt, J. and Sulzer, M. 1974. Die Erdflechte Buellia epigaea, eine Sammelart. Nova Hedwigia 25: 173-192. [key, 5 terricolous species, 3 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Sheard, J.W. 1969. Four previously misinterpreted Buellia species from North America. Bryologist 72: 220-224. [B. fimbriata, B. microbola, B. nigra, B. aethalea (as B. verruculosa)]

Weber, W.A. 1971. Four new species of Buellia (Lichenes) from western North and South America. Bryologist 74: 185-191.[B. capitis-regum, B. saurina]

Hafellner, J. 1979. Karschia. Revision einer Sammelgattung an der Grenze von lichenisierten und nichlichenisierten Ascomyceten. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 62: 1-248. [B. adjuncta, B. badia, B. erubescens (as B. zahlbruckneri), B. imshaugii, B. pulverulenta, Amandinea punctata; drawings of anatomy]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141.[lichenicolous key includes 6 Buellia species, 4 on N. Am. list, spore drawings, in Esperanto]

Hafellner, J. 1979. Karschia. Revision einer Sammelgattung an der Grenze von lichenisierten und nichtlichenisierten Ascomyceten. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 62: 1-248. [Buelliella a new genus; 3 species, all in N. Am., descriptions, drawings of anatomy]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141.[key to 4 lichenicolous species, 3 on N. Am. list, spore drawings, in Esperanto]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [key, 7 species, most now transferred; 2 still in genus, brief descriptions]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1976. A monograph of the lichen genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 32: 1-29. [world key, 29 species, 5 on N. Am. list, full descriptions, photographs of aspect]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [North American key, 5 species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Dey, J.P. 1987. The distribution of the lichen, Bulbothrix isidiza, in North America north of Mexico. Bryologist 90: 417-418. [discussion of differences among 5 N. Am. species, and relatives]

Hale, M.E., Jr. and Kurokawa, S. 1964. Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 121-191. [world key as Parmelia series Bicornutae, 28 species, 5 on N. Am. list]

Vezda, A. 1979. Flechten systematische Studien XI. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Familie Asterothyriaceae (Discolichens). Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 14: 43-94. [B. aspidota keyed and described as Gyalectidium, illustration of hyphophores and aspect]

Lücking, R. 1992. Foliicolous Lichens - A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Lichen Flora of Costa Rica, Central America. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, 104, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 179 pp. [keyed by ascocarp, hyphophore, and as sterile in generic key]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [B. aspidota keyed and described as Gyalectidium, illustration of aspect]

Vezda, A. 1987. Flechtensystematische Studien XII. Die Familie Gomphillaceae und ihre Gliederung. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 22: 179-198. [description of Bullatina as a new monospecific genus; key to the genera with hyphophores,]

Lücking, R. 1997. Additions and Corrections to the Knowledge of the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of Costa Rica. The Family Gomphillaceae. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 65. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 109 pp. [1 species in overall key, 1 on N. Am. list]

Tibell, L. 1999. Calicioid lichens and fungi. in Ahti, T., Jørgensen, P.M., Kristinsson, H., Moberg, R., Søchting, U. and Thor, G. (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Volume 1. Introductory Parts. Calicioid Lichens and Fungi. Nordic Lichen Society, Uddevalla. 94 pp. [1 species in key to genera, 1 on N. Am. list, description, notes, color photograph]

Tibell, L. 1975. The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 21(2): 1-128. [key, 1 species, as Sphaerophorus]

Lye, K. 1969. The distribution and ecology of Sphaerophorus melanocarpus. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 63: 300-318. [how to separate B. melanocarpus from S. fragilis in difficult cases]

Wedin, M. (no date). Sphaerophoraceae: Bunodophoron {Online). In: LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm (under Sphaerophoraceae){accessed 1999 September 30}  [online interactive multiple-access world key; 20 species]

Wedin, M. 1995. The lichen family Sphaerophoraceae (Caliciales, Ascomycotina) in temperate areas of the southern hemisphere. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 31(1): 1-102. [20 species in key to family, none on N. Am. list, but included here as the only available monograph; descriptions, photographs, generic description]

Wedin, M. 1993. A phylogenetic analysis of the lichen family Sphaerophoraceae (Caliciales); a new generic classification and notes on character evolution. Plant Systematics and Evolution 187: 213-241. [generic description and delimitation]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 4 species, B. pubescens described as new (= B. meadii); available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [key, 3 species, B. marginata; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Ekman, S. 1996. The corticolous and lignicolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina in North America. Opera Botanica 127: 1-148. [B. meadii only]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [key, 6 species, 3 in N.A, descriptions, illustrations]

Kalb, K. and Vezda, A. 1990. Die Flechtengattung Byssoloma in der Neotropis (eine taxonomisch-phytogeographische Studie). Nova Hedwigia 51(3-4): 435-451. [key, 11 species, 3 on N. Am. list]

Vezda, A. 1987. Foliicole Flechten aus Zaire (III). Die Gattung Byssoloma Trevisan. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 22: 71-83. [key 10 species, 3 in N. Am.]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

   Can     Cat     Ce     Ch     Cl     Co     Cr

[Calicioid lichens]             (see Calicioid lichens and fungi ("stubble" and "pin" lichens )

Tibell, L. Two new species of Calicium from Europe. Mycotaxon 70: 431-443. [European key, 17 species, 14 on N. Am. list; (missing C. leucochlorum), description and illustration of C. montanum]

Middelborg, J. and Mattsson, J. 1987. Crustaceous lichenized species of the Caliciales in Norway. Sommerfeltia 5: 1-70. [key, 12 species, 11 on N. Am. list, brief descriptions]

Tibell, L. 1977. Lavordningen Caliciales i Sverige Inledning och Släktet Calicium. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 71: 239-259. [key, 12 species, 11 on N. Am. list, descriptions, fine illustrations of habitus, in Swedish]

Tibell, L. 1999. Calicioid lichens and fungi. In: Ahti, T., Jørgensen, P.M., Kristinsson, H., Moberg, R., Søchting, U. and Thor, G. (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Volume 1. Introductory Parts. Calicioid Lichens and Fungi. Nordic Lichen Society, Uddevalla. 94 pp. [key to 13 species, 11 on N. Am. list, descriptions, notes, color photographs]

Tibell, L. 1975. The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 21(2): 1-128. [key, 10 species, descriptions, photographs of anatomy]

Puntillo, D. 1989. Chiavi analitiche delle Caliciales italiane (Licheni). Webbia 43: 145-168. [key, 9 species, 9 on N. Am. list]

Tibell, L. 1996. Caliciales. Flora Neotropica, 69, New York Botanical Garden, New York. 78 pp. [key, 10 species, 8 on N. Am. list, descriptions, some photographs]

Tibell, L. and K. Kalb, K. 1992. Calicium in the tropical and subtropical Americas. Nova Hedwigia 55: 11-36. [key, 9 species, 7 on N. Am. list, full descriptions, fine illustrations of habitus]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 6 species, notes; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [key to 7 species as Lopadium 1-7, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Lücking, R. 1992. Foliicolous Lichens - A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Lichen Flora of Costa Rica, Central America. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, 104, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 179 pp. [key, 6 species, 2 on N. Am. list, illustration of spore and ascus, notes, key to genera with campylidia]

Vezda, A. 1986. Neue Gattungen der Familie Lecideaceae s. lat. (Lichenes). Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 21: 199-219. [Calopadia described as a new genus; illustration of conidia and conidiomata, key to 8 genera with campylidia]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [key, 39 species, about 36 on N. Am. list, descriptions}

Hansen, E.S., Poelt, J. and Søchting, U. 1987. Die Flechtengattung Caloplaca in Grönland. Meddelelser om Grönland, Bioscience 25: 1-52. [key, 43 species, about 32 N. Am. species, descriptions]

Poelt, J. and Hinteregger, E. 1993. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flechtenflora des Himalaya. VII. Die Gattungen Caloplaca, Fulgensia und Ioplaca (mit englischem Bestimmungsschlüssel). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 50. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 247 pp. [key in English to 104 Himalayan species, about 26 on N. Am. list, descriptions in German]

Magnusson, A.H. 1952. Lichens from Arkiv för Botanik, Series II, 2: 45-249. [key to 29 species of Caloplaca in the broad sense from northern Sweden, 16 species in the narrow sense on the N. Am. list, a few transferred]

Søchting. U. 1989. Lignicolous species of the lichen genus Caloplaca from Svalbard. in Dissing, H., Hansen, L., Knudsen, H., Olson, L.W. and Søchting, U. (eds.). Mycological studies dedicated to Morten Lange. Opera Botanica 100: 241-257. [key, 13 species, 12 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations of habitus and anatomy]

Wetmore, C.M. 1994. The lichen genus Caloplaca in North and Central America with brown or black apothecia. Mycologia 86: 813-838. [key to 17 species, 16 on N. Am. list, descriptions, discussion of other related N. Am. and European species] [a expanded version of the key that includes many non-American species-- and has hyperlinks to distribution maps and photographs--is available online at http://www.tc.umn.edu/~wetmore/albb.html ]

Wetmore, C.M. and Kärnefelt, E.I. 1998. The lobate and subfruticose species of Caloplaca in north and central America. Bryologist 101: 230-255 [key to 19 lobate species {"section Gasparrinia"), 16 in N. Am, descriptions, photographs] [a expanded version of the key that includes many non-American species-- and has hyperlinks to distribution maps and photographs--is available online at http://www.tc.umn.edu/~wetmore/Gasp.html ]

Nordin, I. 1972. Caloplaca, sect. Gasparrinia i Nordeuropa: taxonomiska och ekologiska studier. Skriv Service AB, Uppsala, 184 pp. [key to 14 Nordic species with orange or yellow ± placidioid thalli, 10 on N. Am. list, descriptions, photographs of habitus]

Wetmore, C.M. 1996. The Caloplaca sideritis group in North and Central America. Bryologist 99: 292-314. [key, 15 species with gray or white thalli (lacking anthraquinones) and apothecia with anthraquinones, 9 on N. Am. list, descriptions, color photographs, notes on 14 species not in study area] [a expanded version of the key that includes many non-American species-- and has hyperlinks to distribution maps and photographs--is available online at http://www.tc.umn.edu/~wetmore/Alsid.html ]

Magnusson, A.H. 1944. Some species of Caloplaca from North America. Botaniska Notiser 1944: 63-79. [key, 24 species with rust- or yellow-colored apothecia, descriptions, this treatment accounts for many of the entries in the N. Am. list that do not appear in any other work]

Arup, U. 1995. Littoral species of Caloplaca in North America: a summary and key. Bryologist 98: 129-140. [key, 20 species, brief descriptions, color photographs of habitus]

Magnusson, A.H.. 1944. Studies in the Ferruginea-group of the genus Caloplaca. Göteborgs Kongliga Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhalles Nya Handlingar, Ser. B, 3: 1-71. [key to 33 European species with rust-colored apothecia, 13 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Renobales, G. 1996. Contribución al conocimiento de los líquenes calcícolas del occidente de Vizcaya y parte oriental de Cantabria (N-España). GuineanA, 2, Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao. 310 pp. [key, 30 lime-loving species, 15 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Poelt, J. and Pelleter, U. 1984. Zwergstrauchige Arten der Flechtengattung Caloplaca. Plant Systematics and Evolution 148: 51-88. [key to 10 sub- and dwarf-fruticose species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations, C. cladodes, C. coralloides]

Navarro-Rosinés, P. and Hladun, N.L. 1996. Las especies saxícolo-calcícolas del grup de Caloplaca lactea (Teleoschistaceae, líquenes) in la regiones mediterránea y medioeuropea. Bulletin de la société Linnéenne de Provence 47: 139-166. [key, 7 species in the C. lactea group; only C. lactea on the N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of anatomy]

Wetmore, C.M. and Kärnefelt, E.I. 1999. What is Caloplaca cinnabarina? Bryologist 102: 683-691. [6 species, C. cinnabarina, C. rosei and C. rubelliana on N. Am. list; descriptions, color photographs of thalli]

Wetmore, C.M. 2001. The Caloplaca citrina group in North and Central America. Bryologist 104: 1-11. [4 sorediate orange or yellow species, descriptions, notes, range maps, poor quality color photographs of thalli (corrected color plate in Bryologist 104: 613-14)]

Laundon, J.R. 1974. Leproplaca in the British Isles. Lichenologist 6: 102-105. [key, 2 leprose species (as Leproplaca), C. chrysodeta]

van den Boom, P.P.G. and Etayo, J. 1995. A new epiphytic species of the lichen genus Caloplaca from southwestern Europe. Mycotaxon 56: 125-132. [C. oleicola]

Søchting, U. and Tønsberg, T. 1997. Caloplaca xanthostigmoidea (Räs.) Zahlbr., a common lichen in cool regions of the northern hemisphere. In: Tibell, L. and Hedberg, I. (eds.). Lichen Studies Dedicated to Rolf Santesson. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, pp. 247-253. [description, illustrations]

Poelt, J. 1974. Zur Kenntnis der Flechtenfamilie Candelariaceae. Ein Beitrag mit besonderer Berucksichtigung einiger sudamerikanischer Arten. Phyton (Austria) 16: 189-210. [key, 6 species, 2 on N. Am. list]

Maas Geesteranus, R. A. 1947. Revision of the lichens of the Netherlands I. Parmeliaceae. Blumea 6: 1-99. [C. concolor]

Hillmann, J. 1936. Parmeliaceae. In Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 9,5(3): 1-309. [C. concolor]

Hakulinen, R. 1954. Die Flechtengattung Candelariella Mueller Argoviensis. Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo" 27(3): 1-127. [world? key, 27 species, 17 on N. Am. list, descriptions, some illustrations]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [key, 11 species, descriptions, photos of habitus]

Poelt, J. and Vezda, A. 1977. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Ergänzungsheft I. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 9. J. Cramer, Valduz. 258 pp. [key, 23 species, 13 on N. Am. list, C. plumbea (not in first two references)]

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens. {diskette} Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [discusses the likely synonymy of species not included in the first three references; also one or two taxa not on N. Am. list; for details and problems see annotation under "Twenty most useful"]

Harris, R.C. and Buck, W.R. 1978. Lichens of the Mackinac Straits Region. II. Candelariella Mull. Arg. Michigan Botanist 17: 155-161. [key, 4 corticolous species, C. efflorescens a new species, comparisons with C. reflexa and C. vitellina, illustrations]

Westberg, M., and Nash, T.H., III. 2002. Candelina. In Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 119-120. [key to 2 N. Am. species; full species and generic descriptions]

Poelt, J. 1974. Zur Kenntnis der Flechtenfamilie Candelariaceae. Phyton (Austria) 16: 189-210. [Candelina described as a new genus; key, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Kurokawa, S. 1991. Rimeliella, a new lichen genus related to Rimelia of the Parmeliaceae. Annals of the Tsukuba Botanical Garden 10: 1-14.[key, 8 species, as Rimeliella, 4 on N. Am. list, descriptions (except C. conferenda)]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1977. New species in the lichen genus Parmotrema Mass. Mycotaxon 5: 432-448. [C. conferenda and C. neotropica as Parmotrema]

Elix, J.A. 1997. The lichen genera Canomaculina and Rimeliella (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 65: 475-479. [generic description, Rimeliella placed into synonymy with Canomaculina]

Elix, J.A. and Hale, M.E. 1987. Canomaculina, Myelochroa, Parmelinella, Parmelinopsis and Parmotremopsis, five new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 29: 233-244. [Canomaculina a new genus; generic comparisons, key to genera of Parmelina in the broad sense]]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1976. A monograph of the lichen genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 31: 1-62. [8 N. Am. species in key as Pseudoparmelia (76 taxa), descriptions, photographs of aspect]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 6 species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Hale, M.E., Jr. and Kurokawa, S. 1964. Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 121-191. [7 N. Am. species in world key to Parmelia section Cyclocheila (about 47 taxa)]

Elix, J.A., Johnston, J., and Verdon, D. 1986. Canoparmelia, Paraparmelia and Relicinopsis, three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 27: 271-282. [three new genera described, comparisons with other Pseudoparmelia segregates]

Heiman, K. and Elix, J.A. 1999. A new species of Canoparmelia from North America (lichenized Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 70: 163-166. [C. amabilis, description, photograph of thallus]

Clauzade, G. and Roux, C. 1985. Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita Determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Nouvelle Série, Numéro Spécial 7. Royan, France. 893 pp. [Carbonea key: 4 species, 3 on N. Am. list; Lecidea key: C. assimilis]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [Carbonea key: 2 lichenicolous species, C. vitellinaria on N. Am. list; Lecidea key: C. aggregantula, brief descriptions; in Esperanto]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [key, 3 species]

Hertel, H. 1967. Revision einiger calciphiler Formenkreise der Flechtengattung Lecidea. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 24: 1-155. [Carbonea a new subgenus of Lecidea; key, 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list, L. atronivea, L. vorticosa]

Knoph J.-G., Rambold G. and Triebel D. (no date). Lecanoraceae: Carbonea (title erroneously given as "Lecanora subset subfusca group") {Online}. In: LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm {accessed 1999 September 30}. [online interactive multiple-access world key; 17 species of Carbonea, 5 on N. Am. list; due to incomplete data entry, the key returned no species for the character state "North America"]

Breuss, O. 1996. Ein verfeinertes Gliederungskonzept für Catapyrenium (lichenisierte Ascomyceten, Verrucariaceae) mit einem Schlüssel für die bisher bekannten Arten. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 98 B Suppl.: 35-50. ["world" key to Catapyrenium in the broad sense and to its segregates; unfortunately does not treat several of the N. Am. taxa in Thomson (1987, 1989); splits Catapyrenium in the broad sense into several genera, some new; 6 species in Catapyrenium in the narrow sense; 4 species in the narrow sense on the N. Am. list]

Breuss, O. and Hansen, E.S. 1988. The lichen genera Catapyrenium and Placidiopsis in Greenland. Plant Systematics and Evolution 159: 95-105. [key, 7 species, 5 on N. Am. list; most with brief characterizations or comparative notes]

Breuss, O. and McCune, B. 1994. Additions to the pyrenolichen flora of North America. Bryologist 97: 365-370. [updated key to N. Am. species of Catapyrenium, in the broad sense, 18 species, notes on 9 species not in Thomson (1989); unfortunately does not mention or key several taxa in Thomson (1989)]

Thomson, J.W. 1989. Additions and revised key to Catapyrenium in North America. Bryologist 92: 190-193. [key, 16 species of Catapyrenium in the broad sense; 11 species in the sense of Breuss on N. Am. list, C. globosum, C. daedaleum, C. schaereri described; conservative treatment]

Thomson, J.W. 1987. The lichen genera Catapyrenium and Placidiopsis in North America. Bryologist 90: 27-39. [key, 12 species of Catapyrenium in the broad sense, 8 species Catapyrenium in the sense of Breuss (1996) on N. Am. list; descriptions, conservative treatment]

Breuss, O. and Bratt, C.C. 2000. Catapyrenioid lichens in California. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society, 7(2): 36-42. [key; 4 species of Catapyrenium in the narrow sense on the N. Am. list; comparitive notes; a useful discussion of characters within and between genera; some drawings]

Breuss, O. 1990. Die Flechtengattung Catapyrenium (Verrucariaceae) in Europa. Stapfia 23: 1-153. [key, 27 species, 3 species of Catapyrenium in the strict sense on N. Am. list, 6 now in new segregates, mainly Placidium; descriptions, photographs of habitus]

Breuss, O. 1998. On the taxonomy of "Catapyrenium" plumbeum (lichenized Ascomycetes, Verrucariaceae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 100B: 671-676. [key to 3 similar species parasitic on Staurothele, none of which actually in Catapyrenium; C. plumbeum transferred to Verrucaria, comparisons in English; photograph]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [key, 16 species of Catillaria in the broad sense, 8 species in the narrow sense, several not in European keys, descriptions]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [key, 7 species of Catillaria in the broad sense, 5 species in the strict sense, several of which not in European keys or Fink (1935), descriptions]

Kilias, H. 1981. Revision gesteinbewohnender Sippen der Flechtengattung Catillaria Massal. in Europa (Lecanorales, Lecideaceae). Herzogia 5: 209-448. [key, 15 saxicolous European species of Catillaria in the strict sense, 4 on N. Am. list, generic definition, descriptions, illustrations]

Coppins, B.J. 1989. On some species of Catillaria s. lat. and Halecania in the British Isles. Lichenologist 21: 217-227. [generic comparisons]

Magnusson, A.H. 1952. Lichens from Torne Lappmark. Arkiv för Botanik, Series II, 2: 45-249. [key to 32 species, 3 on N.Am. list]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [C. atropurpurea]

Poelt, J. and Vezda, A. 1981. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Ergänz-ungsheft II. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 16. J. Cramer, Valduz. 390 pp. [key, 8 species, (C. atropurpurea)]

Zahlbruckner, A. 1935. Florida-Flechten, gesammelt von S. Rapp. Annales Mycologici 33: 33-45. [C. subcoralina as Phyllopsora, p. 43-44]

Hafellner, J. 1978. Catolechia Flotow ex Massalongo emend. Körber und Epilichen Clements ex Hafellner--zwei nahe verwandte Flechtengattungen. Nova Hedwigia 30: 673-695. [generic definition, C. wahlenbergii, illustrations]

Hafellner, J., Mayrhofer, H., Poelt, J. 1979. Die Gattungen der Flechtenfamilie Physciaceae. Herzogia 5: 39-79. [generic description and comparisons]

Sheard, J.W. 1964. The genus Buellia de Notaris in the British Isles. Lichenologist 2: 225-262. [C. wahlenbergii in key as Buellia, description]

McCune, B. and Geiser, L. 1997. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. [key, 2 species, color photo and description of C. hultenii]

Goward, T., McCune, B. and Meidinger, D. 1994. The lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated keys. Part 1 - Foliose and squamulose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series no. 8, i-iii, 1-181. Free downloadable version available: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm bound version available: http://www.publications.gov.bc.ca [key, 2 species, small line drawings of both]

Triebel, D. and Rambold, G. 1988. Cecidonia und Phacopsis (Lecanorales): zwei lichenicole Pilzgattungen mit cecidogenen Arten. Nova Hedwigia 47(3-4): 279-309. [Cecidonia a new genus; 2 species, C. umbonella on N. Am. list, illustrations]

Triebel, D. 1989. Lecideicole Ascomyceten. Eine Revision der obligat lichenicolen Ascomyceten auf lecideoiden Flechten. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 35. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 278 pp. [2 species, C. umbonella on N. Am. list, described, spore drawings, one overall key]

Wirth, V. 1995. Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs, Teil 1 and 2. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. 1006 pp. [C. umbonella, description, color photograph of thallus]

Aguirre-Hudson, B. 1991. A taxonomic study of the species referred to the ascomycete genus Leptorhaphis. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 21: 85-192. [world? key, 6 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 2 species, 1 on N. Am. list; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [key to genera, C. leucospila]

Kilias, H. 1985. Cephalophysis (Hertel) Kilias gen. nov., eine weitere Gattung der Teloschistaceae mit einzelligen Sporen. Herzogia 7: 181-190. [monospecific genus described]

Hertel, H. 1967. Revision einiger calciphiler Formenkreise der Flechtengattung Lecidea. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 24: 1-155. [new monospecific subgenus, C. leucospila as Lecidea ultima, key to subgenera of Lecidea, key to 25 species]

Hertel, H. 1975. Ein vorläufiger Bestimmungsschlüssel fur die kryptothallinen, schwarzfrüchtigen, saxicolen Arten der Sammelgattung Lecidea (Lichenes) in der Holarktis. Decheniana 127: 37-78. [1 species in key to 61 Lecidea in the broad sense, (C. leucospila as L. ultima)]

Kärnefelt, I., Mattsson, J.-E. and Thell, A. 1993. The lichen genera Arctocetraria, Cetraria, and Cetrariella (Parmeliaceae) and their presumed evolutionary affinities. Bryologist 96: 394-404. [world key to Cetraria narrowly defined, 15 species, 9 on N. Am. list; new delimitation of Cetraria, comparisons, descriptions of "mycological" characters, ascus illustrations, new generic segregates from Cetraria]

Kärnefelt, I. 1979. The brown fruticose species of Cetraria. Opera Botanica 46: 1-150. [14 species in key to Cetraria (broadly defined), 6 species of Cetraria strictly defined on the N. Am. list, descriptions, photographs]

Kärnefelt, I. 1986. The genera Bryocaulon, Coelocaulon and Cornicularia and formerly associated taxa. Opera Botanica 86: 1-90. [C. odontella, C. aculeata, C. muricata (the latter 2 as Coelocaulon), detailed illustrations; generic delimitation and comparisons]

Randlane, T., Saag, A. and Thell, A. 1997. A second updated world list of cetrarioid lichens. Bryologist 100: 109-122. [a list of names and synonyms; summarizes present taxonomy and nomenclature in the genus]

Kärnefelt, I. 1979. The brown fruticose species of Cetraria. Opera Botanica 46: 1-150. [2 species key to 14 species of Cetraria in the broad sense, 2 on N. Am. list, full descriptions, detailed comparisons of the 2 species, photographs]

Kärnefelt, I. Three new species of brown fruticose Cetraria. Botaniska Notiser 130: 125-129, [tables compares the two species, as Cetraria]

Kärnefelt, I., Mattsson, J-E. and Thell, A. 1993. The lichen genera Arctocetraria, Cetraria, and Cetrariella (Parmeliaceae) and their presumed evolutionary affinities. Bryologist 96: 394-404. [new genus, generic comparisons]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [good species comparison in key to Cetraria, descriptions]

Culberson, W.L. and Culberson, C.F. 1968. The lichen genera Cetrelia and Platismatia (Parmeliaceae). Contributions of the United States National Herbarium 34: 449-558. [world key, 14 species, 4 on N. Am. list, (plus C. monachorum as a chemical variant of C. cetrarioides); descriptions]

Randlane, T. and Saag, A. 1991. Chemical and morphological variation in the genus Cetrelia in the Soviet Union. Lichenologist 23: 113-126. [world key and equivalent identification table, 17 species, 5 on N. Am. list]

Culberson, W.L. and Culberson, C.F. 1978. Cetrelia cetrarioides and C. monachorum (Parmeliaceae) in the New World. Bryologist 81: 517-523. [discusses chemical separation of C. monachorum from C. cetrarioides]

Selva, S.B. and Tibell, L. 1999. Lichenized and non-lichenized calicioid fungi from North America. Bryologist 102: 377-397. [keys to 19 N. Am. species of Chaenotheca, descriptions of 3 newly reported species.]

Tibell, L. 1999. Calicioid lichens and fungi. In: Ahti, T., Jørgensen, P.M., Kristinsson, H., Moberg, R., Søchting, U. and Thor, G. (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Volume 1. Introductory Parts. Calicioid Lichens and Fungi. Nordic Lichen Society, Uddevalla. 94 pp. [key to 17 species, all 17 on N. Am. list, descriptions, notes, good color photographs]

Tibell, L. 1975. The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 21(2): 1-128. [15 species found in keys to Chaenotheca and Coniocybe, descriptions]

Middelborg, J. and Mattsson, J. 1987. Crustaceous lichenized species of the Caliciales in Norway. Sommerfeltia 5: 1-70. [key, 15 species, 14 on N. Am. list, 1 transferred, descriptions]

Tibell, L. 1980. The lichen genus Chaenotheca in the northern hemisphere. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 23(l): 1-65. [key, 14 species, 12 on N. Am. list descriptions, illustrations, does not include species later transferred from Coniocybe]

Tibell, L. 1987. Australasian Caliciales. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 27(1): 1-279. [key, 12 species, 9 on N. Am. list, detailed descriptions, fine illustrations]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 3 species, C. floridana described as new; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

McCune, B. 1985. Sterile, yellowish lichen crusts on soil in North America. Evansia 2: 23-26. [sterile C. furfuracea versus sterile Psilolechia lucida]

Rikkinen, J. 1998. Chaenotheca olivaceorufa (Caliciales) new to North America. Bryologist 101: 558-559. [description, illustration]

Selva, S.B. and Tibell, L. 1999. Lichenized and non-lichenized calicioid fungi from North America. Bryologist 102: 377-397. [keys to 20 N. Am species the North American species of Chaenothecopsis; descriptions of 6 new or newly reported species; photographs of newly described species; 6 additional species newly described or reported in the same issue of the Bryologist are not included in the keys]

Titov, A. and Tibell, L. 1993. Chaenothecopsis in the Russian Far East. Nordic Journal of Botany 13: 313-329. [key to 17 species, 10 on N. Am. list, some new, descriptions, illustrations]

Tibell, L. 1999. Calicioid lichens and fungi. In: Ahti, T., Jørgensen, P.M., Kristinsson, H., Moberg, R., Søchting, U. and Thor, G. (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Volume 1. Introductory Parts. Calicioid Lichens and Fungi. Nordic Lichen Society, Uddevalla. 94 pp. [key to 16 species, 12 on N. Am. list, descriptions, notes, good color photographs]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [5 species in key; C. norstictica described as new; C. rappii and C. pilosa are in key but not described; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Tibell, L. 1975. The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 21(2): 1-128. [key, 8 species, C. epithallina, descriptions]

Selva, S.B. 1988. The Caliciales of Northern Maine. Bryologist 91: 2-17. [8 species in main key, descriptions]

Tibell, L. 1996. Flora Neotropica Monograph 69: Caliciales. New York Botanical Garden. [key, 7 species, 4 on N. Am. list, C. pilosa, descriptions]

Tibell, L. 1987. Australasian Caliciales. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 27(1): 1-279. [key, 15 species, 6 on N. Am. list, full descriptions, fine illustrations]

Rikkinen, J. 1999. Two new species of resinicolous Chaenothecopsis (Mycocaliciaceae) from western North America. Bryologist 102: 366-369. [2 newly described N. Am. species; drawings]

Peterson, E.B. and Rikkinen, J. 1999. Range extensions of selected pin-lichens and allied fungi in the Pacific Northwest. Bryologist 102: 370-376. [brief characterizations, range and habitat notes for 12 N. Am. species, 4 newly reported]

Thor, G. 1990. The lichen genus Chiodecton and five allied genera. Opera Botanica 103: 1-92. [modern generic delimitation; 16 species in overall key, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations; 3 N. Am. names neither excluded nor treated]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [key, 6 species, 4 still on N. Am. list, descriptions; old generic concepts]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [note indicating that C. malmei is the only true Chiodecton species actually in North America; the others are in limbo; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Diederich, P. 1996. The Lichenicolous Heterobasidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 61. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 198 pp. [key, 2 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations, generic key]

Mayrhofer, H. and Poelt, J. 1985. Die Flechtengattung Microglaena sensu Zahlbruckner in Europa. Herzogia 7: 13-79. [key, 3 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, spore drawings]

Boissiere, J.C. and Montavont, J.P. 1994. Lichens de France méconnus: Chromatochlamys muscorum (Fr.) Mayrh. et Poelt et Caloplaca nivalis (Körb.) Th. Fr. Bulletin d’Informations de l’Association Française de Lichénologie 19(2): 9-12. [not reviewed]

Laundon, J.R. 1981. The species of Chrysothrix. Lichenologist 13: 101-121. [world key, 4 species, 2 in N. Am, descriptions, drawings of anatomy]

Ryan, B. 1989. The genus Cladidium (lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 34: 697-712. [C. bolanderi, illustrations, comparisons]

Hafellner, J. 1984. Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae. In: Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 241-371. [Cladidium a new generic name; generic delimitation, illustration of anatomy]

Ryan, B.D. and Nash III, T.H. 1997. Placodioid taxa of Lecanoraceae sensu Zahlbr. (lichenized Ascomycotina) in North America: taxa excluded from Lecanora subg. Placodium. Nova Hedwigia 64(3-4): 393-420. [key to confusable groups and genera]

Ahti, T. 1961. Taxonomic studies on reindeer lichens (Cladonia, subgenus Cladina). Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo" 32(l): 1-160. [key, 38 species, 12 on N. Am. list; detailed descriptions and comparisons, photographs of thalli]

Thomson, J.W. 1968 ("1967"). The lichen genus Cladonia in North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 172 pp. [as subsection of Cladonia, key, 11 species, descriptions, photographs of thalli]

Ahti, T. 2000. Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica, 78. Organization for Flora Neotropica and New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 362 pp. [key to 16 neotropical species, 9 on N. Am. list; detailed descriptions, photographs; useful in the southern U. S. ]

Ahti, T. 1984. The status of Cladina as a genus segregated from Cladonia. In: Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79.. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 25-61. [generic delimitation, world list of species, chemistry, distribution; C. stygia]

Ahti, T. 1986. New species of reindeer lichens (Cladina). Annales Botanici Fennici 23: 221-227. [C. conspicua, illustration]

Ahti, T. and Hyvonen, S. 1985. Cladina stygia, a common, overlooked species of reindeer lichen. Annales Botanici Fennici 22: 223-229. [C. stygia, illustrations]

Thomson, J.W. 1968 ("1967"). The lichen genus Cladonia in North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 172 pp. [key contains 103 species of Cladonia in the narrow sense, descriptions, photographs of thalli [key to subsections and series]

Hammer, S. 1995. A synopsis of the genus Cladonia in the Northwestern United States. Bryologist 98: 1-28. [key, 52 species, chemistry, brief characterizations and comparisons; C. andereggii and C. extracorticata described as new]

Hammer, S. 1991. A preliminary synopsis of the species of Cladonia in California and adjacent Oregon. Mycotaxon 40: 169-197. [diagnostic key and synoptic key only, 32 species]

Ahti, T. 2000. Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica, 78. Organization for Flora Neotropica and New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 362 pp. [key to 164 neotropical species, approx. 80 on N. Am. list; detailed descriptions, illustrations for approx. 2/3 of species; useful in the southern U. S.]

Hodgetts, N.G. 1992. Cladonia: A Field Guide. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. 39 pp. [illustrated key to small groups of approx. 63 British species, approx. 55 on N. Am. list; within each group, each species is briefly described and illustrated with line drawings; useful in northeastern N. Am.]

Brodo, I.M. and Ahti, T. 1996. Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. 2. The Cladoniaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany 74(7): 1147-1180. [34 species, descriptions, comparisons of parts of C. gracilis group and sect. Perviae, C. albonigra and C. schofieldii described as new; new chemotypes, about 6 species not in Hammer (1995)]

Ahti, T., and Hammer, S. 2002. Cladonia. In Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 131-158. [key to 50 N. Am. species; generic and full species descriptions]

Vainio, E.A. 1887. Monographia Cladoniarum universalis, I, II, III. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 4: 1-510; 10: 1-499; 14: 1-268. [world key, 124 species, excluding segregates, plus many subspecific taxa that are now species; less than 50 on N. Am. list, descriptions; in Latin]

Stenroos, S. 1989. Taxonomy of the Cladonia coccifera group. 1 and 2. Annales Botanici Fennici 26: 157-168; 307-317. [world key to C. coccifera group, 12 species, 6 on N. Am. list, comparative table, drawings of podetia]

Dey, J.P. 1973. Cladonia psoromica, a new lichen species from western North Carolina. Bryologist 76: 418-421. [key to subsection Uncialis for eastern N. Am., 8 species]

Ahti, T. 1973. Taxonomic notes on some species of Cladonia, subsect. uncialis. Annales Botanici Fennici 10: 163-184. [world key to C. boryi group (those with abundant minute needle-like crystals in young parts of the podetia and with fibrous supportive tissue in the medulla), 9 species, 6 on N. Am. list, brief characterizations]

Ahti, T. 1980. Taxonomic revision of Cladonia gracilis and its allies. Annales Botanici Fennici 17: 195-243. [world key C. gracilis group, 7 species and several subspecies, 5 species on N. Am. list, descriptions, a few photographs]

Culberson, W.L. 1969. The chemistry and systematics of some species of the Cladonia cariosa group in North America. Bryologist 72: 377-386. [key to the N. Am. C. cariosa group, 9 species, notes, chemistry]

Hammer, S. 1993. A revision of Cladonia section Perviae in the western United States. Bryologist 96: 299-309. [key to section Perviae, 7 species, descriptions, illustrations]

Orange, A. 1992. A key to the Cladonia chlorophaea group in Europe, using microcrystal tests. British Lichen Society Bulletin 70: 36-42. [key to C. chlorophaea group, 12 species, 10 on N. Am. list, useful photographs of microcrystals of many lichen substances]

Stenroos, S. 1988. The family Cladoniaceae in Melanesia. 3. Cladonia sections Helopodium, Perviae and Cladonia. Annales Botanici Fennici 25: 117-148. [sections Helopodium, Perviae and Cladonia; key, 21 species, 14 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of podetia]

Ahti, T. 1998. A revision of Cladonia stricta [Ülevaade liigist Cladonia stricta]. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 32: 5-8. [C. trassii and C. uliginosa described as new, C. stricta description]

Tønsberg, T. and Goward., T. 1992 Cladonia norvegica new to North America. Evansia 9: 56-58. [descriptive note, comparisons]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [new generic concept based mainly on thalline characters; key, 3 N. Am. species, C. isidiifera described; ; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

McCarthy, P. M. 1995. A reappraisal of Clathroporina Müll. Arg. (Trichotheliaceae). Lichenologist 27: 321-350. [generic concept based on spore septation, proposes merging Clathroporina into Porina; world key, 4 species, 0 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Clauzadea (2)               (segregated from Lecidea in 1984)

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [key, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Hafellner, J. 1984. Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae. In: Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 241-371. [Clauzadea a new genus, description, illustration of anatomy]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [C. macula; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Rambold, G. 1989. A monograph of the saxicolous lecideoid lichens of Australia (excl. Tasmania). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 34. J. Cramer, Berlin. 345 pp. [C. macula, illustration of habitus]

Roux, C. 1983. Clauzadeana Roux, nova likengenro (Clauzadeana Roux, nouveau genre de lichen). Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence 35: 99-102. [description of new genus in Esperanto, Latin, and French, illustrations; none on N. Am. list]

Breuss, O. 1996. Ein verfeinertes Gliederungskonzept für Catapyrenium (lichenisierte Ascomyceten, Verrucariaceae) mit einem Schlüssel für die bisher bekannten Arten. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 98 B Suppl.: 35-50. ["world" key to Catapyrenium in the broad sense and to its segregates, but unfortunately does not treat several of the N. Am. taxa in Thomson (1987, 1989); splits Catapyrenium in the broad sense into several genera, some new; 4 species in Clavascidium in the strict sense, 1 species on N. Am. list]

Breuss, O. and McCune, B. 1994. Additions to the pyrenolichen flora of North America. Bryologist 97: 365-370. [updated key to N. Am. species of Catapyrenium, in the broad sense, 18 species, comparative notes on 9 species not in Thomson (1987); C. umbrinum in key as Catapyrenium]

Breuss, O. 1990. Studien über die Flechtengattung Catapyrenium (Verrucariaceae) I. Die Flechtengattung Catapyrenium in Europa--Ergänzungen. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 22: 69-80. [C. umbrinum a new species, description.]

Ekman, S. 1997. The genus Cliostomum revisited. In: Tibell, L. and Hedberg, I. (eds.). Lichen Studies Dedicated to Rolf Santesson. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 32(1): 17-28. [world key, 7 species, 6 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Gowan, S.P. 1990. Cliostomum (lichen-forming Ascomycotina) in North America and Europe. Mycologia 82(6): 766-771. [key, 4 species, 4 on N. Am. list, descriptions, photographs of thalli}

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [key, 4 species, 2 on N. Am. list, spore illustrations]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1977. Three new genera of lichenicolous fungi. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75: 195-209. [Clypeococcum a new genus, description, no species on N. Am. list, illustration of type]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1982. Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: IV. Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh 38: 165-183. [C. hypocenomycis a new species, description, illustrations]

Arvidsson, L. 1982. A monograph of the lichen genus Coccocarpia. Opera Botanica 67: 1-96. [world key, 21 species, 4 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Marcano, V., Méndez, A.M., Mohali, S., Galiz, L. and Palacios-Prü, E. 1995. El genero Coccocarpia Pers. (Ascomicetes liquenizados) en Venezuela. Tropical Bryology 10: 215-227. [key, 9 species, 3 on N. Am. list, brief descriptions]

Brodo, I.M. 1973. The lichen genus Coccotrema in North America. Bryologist 76: 260-270. [key, 2 species, descriptions, illustrations]

Uyenco, F.R. 1963. The species of Coenogonium in the United States. Bryologist 66: 217-224. [key, 6 species, descriptions]

Davis, J. S. 1994. Coenogonium missouriense, a new lichen species from Missouri. Bryologist 97: 186-189. [description, illustrations]

Degelius, G. 1974. The lichen genus Collema with special reference to the extra-European species. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 20(2): 1-215. [world key, 77 species, 34 on N. Am. list, descriptions of most species not in Degelius (1954), some illustrations]

Degelius, G. 1954. The lichen genus Collema in Europe. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 13(2): 1-499. [key, 35 species, 22 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Degelius, G. 1979. Studies in the lichen family Collemataceae IV. Collema fecundum, a new species from North America. Botaniska Notiser 132: 569-572. [description, photograph of thallus]

Grube, M., and Ryan, B.D. 2002. Collemopsidium. In Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 162-164. [key to 3 N. Am. species; generic and full species descriptions]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [key, 3 species, 1 still on N. Am. checklist, description]

Tibell, L. 1984. A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales. In: Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 597-713. [synonymizes the genus with Chaenotheca!]

Gilenstam, G. 1969. Studies in the lichen genus Conotrema. Arkiv fur Botanik 7: 149-179. [key to 4 known species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of anatomy]

Kärnefelt, I. 1986. The genera Bryocaulon, Coelocaulon and Cornicularia and formerly associated taxa. Opera Botanica 86: 1-90. [world revision, 11 species of Cornicularia in the broad sense, all but 1 transferred out, 1 on N. Am. list; key to genera and species, description, illustration]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [C. normoerica in key to Cornicularia (traditional sense), fine illustration]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1976. New and interesting microfungi from Slapton, South Devonshire: Deuteromycotina III. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 67: 51-59. [C. lichenicola a new species, description., illustrations]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1981. The lichenicolous Coelomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 9: 1-98. [illustration only of C. lichenicola]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [genus in overall key, brief description of C. lichenicola]

Hawksworth, D.L. and Santesson, R. 1990. A revision of the lichenicolous fungi previously referred to Phragmonaevia. In: Jahns, H.M. (ed.). Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of A. Henssen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. No. 38. J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart pp. 121-143. [Corticifraga newly described as a genus,, key, 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Roux, C. and Bellemère, A. 1991. Systématique des champignons lichénicoles non lichénisés: nouveautés et changements importants depuis la parution de Nelikenigintaj fungoj likenlogaj. Bulletin d’Informations de l’Association Française de Lichénologie 16(2): 71-83. [characterization of the genus and 2 species, both on N. Am. list; in French]

Egea, J.M. and Torrente, P. 1993. Cresponea, a new genus of lichenized fungi in the order Arthoniales (Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 48: 301-331. [key, 11 species, 5 on N. Am. list, descriptions, a few illustrations; table comparing similar genera]

Egea, J.M. and Torrente, P. 1994. El Género de Hongos Liquenizados Lecanactis (Ascomycotina). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 54.J. Cramer, Berlin and Stuttgart. 205 pp. [generic keys for taxa similar to Lecanactis, including Cresponea, comparative tables]

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens. {diskette} Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [key, 2 species, descriptions; for details and problems see annotation under "Twenty most useful"]

Harris, R. C. 1987. Four lichens new to North America collected on the 1985 ABLS Foray in Florida. Evansia 4: 26-27. [descriptive note on 2 N. Am. species]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [in generic key, C. carneolutea; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Thor, G. 1991. The placement of Chiodecton sanguineum (syn. Chiodecton rubrocinctum) and Cryptothecia striata sp. nov. Bryologist 94: 278-283. [both N. Am. species described, spore illustration]

Makhija, U. and Patwardhan, P.G. 1994. A contribution towards a monograph of the lichen genus Cryptothecia (family Arthoniaceae). In: Sarma, T.A., Saini, S.S., Trivedi, M.L. and Sharma, M. (eds.). Current Researches in Plant Sciences. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal singh, Dehra Dun, India pp. 57-72. [world key, 40 species, only C. striata for N. Am.; C. rubrocincta is discussed but excluded; only 8 new species described and illustrated]

Thor, G. 1997. The genus Cryptothecia in Australia and New Zealand and the circumscription of the genus. In: Tibell, L. and Hedberg, I. (eds.) Lichen Studies Dedicated to Rolf Santesson. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 32(1): 267-289. [generic delimitation, key, 10 species, no N. Am. species; retains C. rubrocincta without comment]

Henssen, A. and Büdel, B. 1984. Phyllisciella, a new genus of the Lichinaceae. In Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 381-398. [generic comparison and discussion, partial description, illustrations of anatomy]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [1 species in key to Pyrenopsis, as P. phylliscina]

Esslinger, T.L. 2001 ("2000"). Culbersonia americana, a rare new lichen (Ascomycota) from western America. Bryologist 103: 771-773. [new genus and species; photographs of thallus]

[Cybebe is in recent European flora under Chaenotheca, in older ones under Coniocybe]

Tibell, L. 1999. Calicioid lichens and fungi. In: Ahti, T., Jørgensen, P.M., Kristinsson, H., Moberg, R., Søchting, U. and Thor, G. (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Volume 1. Introductory Parts. Calicioid Lichens and Fungi. Nordic Lichen Society, Uddevalla. 94 pp. [in key to the genera, 1 species on N. Am. list, description, notes, color photograph]

Tibell, L. 1984. A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales. In: Hertel H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 597-713. [description of Cybebe, a new monospecific genus]

Middelborg, J. and Mattsson, J. 1987. Crustaceous lichenized species of the Caliciales in Norway. Sommerfeltia 5: 1-70. [Cybebe put back into synonymy, in key for Chaenotheca]

Tibell, L. 1971. The genus Cyphelium in Europe. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 65: 138-164. [key to 11 species, 8 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Tibell, L. 1999. Calicioid lichens and fungi. In: Ahti, T., Jørgensen, P.M., Kristinsson, H., Moberg, R., Søchting, U. and Thor, G. (eds.). Nordic Lichen Flora. Volume 1. Introductory Parts. Calicioid Lichens and Fungi. Nordic Lichen Society, Uddevalla. 94 pp. [key to 7 species, all 7 on N. Am. list, descriptions, notes, good color photographs]

Tibell, L. 1969. The genus Cyphelium in Northern Europe. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 63: 465-485. [key, 7 species, all on N. Am. list, descriptions, spore illustrations]

Puntillo, D. 1989. Chiavi analitiche delle Caliciales italiane (Licheni). Webbia 43: 145-168. [key, 7 species, 7 on N. Am. list]

Weber, W.A. 1967. A synopsis of the North American species of Cyphelium. Bryologist 70: 197-203. [key, 12 species, 7 on N. Am list, remainder now transferred, C. brunneum, notes]

Diederich, P. 1996. The Lichenicolous Heterobasidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 61, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 198 pp. [key, 2 species, both on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations, key to genera]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [C. ebeneus, fine illustration comparing with Racodium; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Schade, A. 1932. Die Verbreitung von Racodium rupestre Pers. und Coenogonium nigrum (Huds.) Zahlbr. in Sachsen. Beihefte zum Botanisches Centralblatt 49(Ergänzungsband): 421-437. [description as C. niger, illustration]

Trotet, G. 1970. Sur un lichen peu courant: Cystocoleus Thwait. découvert en Poitou. Révue Bryologique et Lichénologique 37: 967-971. [descriptive discussion, illustration]

Boissiere, J.C. and Montavont, J.P. 1994. Deux lichens intéressants et méconnus. Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites and Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach. Bulletin d’Informations de l’Association Française de Lichénologie 19(1): 19-21. [short description, photograph of thallus and of "cortical" structure of filament]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

Henssen, A. 1995. Studies on the biology and structure of Dacampia (Dothideales), a genus with lichenized and lichenicolous species. Cryptogamic Botany 5: 149-158. [2 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions embedded in text, illustrations]

Thomson, J.W. 1995. Dacampia hookeri new to the American Arctic. Bryologist 98: 50-51. [brief description, drawing of anatomy, photograph of infected lichen]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [3 species in key to Pleospora, 1 on N. Am. list, spore illustrations]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1986. Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: V. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 43: 497-519. [comparative note, 3 species, 1 on N. Am. list]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [key, 4 species, descriptions, fine illustrations]

Thomson, J. W. and C. D. Bird. 1978. The lichen genus Dactylina in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 56(14): 1602-1624. [key, 4 species, descriptions]

Kärnefelt, I. and Thell, A. 1996. A new classification for the Dactylina/Dufourea complex. Nova Hedwigia 62: 487-511. [generic description and comparisons; 6 species of Dactylina in the broad sense, 4 N. Am. species, descriptions; of the 6 species, 2 transferred and 2 treated as subspecies, but the changes are not reflected on N. Am. list checklist]

Golubkova, N.S., Dombrovskaja, A.V., Zhurbenko, M.P., Kotlov, Y.V. and Krusanova, Z.G. 1996. Handbook of the Lichens of Russia. 6. Alectoriaceae, Parmeliaceae, Stereocaulaceae. Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. 204 pp. [key, 6 species, 4 on N. Am. list, descriptions (in Russian)]

Hafellner, J. 1979. Karschia. Revision einer Sammelgattung an der Grenze von lichenisierten und nichlichenisierten Ascomyceten. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 62: 1-248. [23 Dactylospora species in overall key, 7 on N. Am. list descriptions, drawings]

Triebel, D. 1989. Lecideicole Ascomyceten. Eine Revision der obligat lichenicolen Ascomyceten auf lecideoiden Flechten. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 35. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 278 pp. [one overall key, 6 species described, some new, 4 on N. Am. list, drawings of spores and of anatomy for new species]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [16 species in key to lichenicolous Buellia, 9 on N. Am. list]

Jørgensen, P.M. 2000. Survey of the lichen family Pannariaceae on the American continent north of Mexico. Bryologist: 103: 670-704. [key to genera and species, 1 N. Am. species; descriptions of genera and species, notes, photographs of thalli of all taxa]

Jørgensen, P.M. and James, P. W. 1990. Studies in the family Pannariaceae. IV: The genus Degelia. in Jahns, H.M. (ed.). Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of A. Henssen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart, pp. 253-276. [world key, 9 species, 1 on N. Am. list, some descriptions (but not D. plumbea), some illustrations, comparisons]

Jørgensen, P.M. 1978 The lichen family Pannariaceae in Europe. Opera Botanica 45: 1-123. [description of D. plumbea as Parmeliella]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [key, 3 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Arvidsson, L. and Galloway, D.J. 1981. Degelia, a new lichen genus in the Pannariaceae. Lichenologist 13: 27-50. [generic description, key, 3 species, 0 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations; illustration of variation in ascal staining]

Henssen, A. 1963. Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 18(1): 1-123. [D. intricatulum as Polychidium, key, description, illustration]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [D. umhausense as Polychidium, description]

James, P.W. and Hensson, A. 1976. The morphological and taxonomic significance of cephalodia. In Brown, D.H., Hawksworth, D.L. and Bailey, R.H. (eds.). Lichenology: Progress and Problems. Academic Press, London, pp. 27-77. [discussion of independent status of genus versus treatment as cephalodia of Lobaria]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1979. The lichenicolous Hyphomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 6: 183-300. [1 species, D. subeffusum, key to genera]

Sundin, R. and Tehler, A. 1996. The genus Dendrographa (Roccellaceae). Bryologist 99: 19-31. [world key, 2 species, descriptions, illustrations]

Wright, D. 1996. What happened to Dendrographa minor?. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 3(2): 11-12. [key, 2 N. Am. species, descriptive discussion]

Poelt, J. 1969. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Cramer, Lehre, 757 pp. [key to 17 species, 8 on N. Am. list, best coverage by a European flora]

Degelius, G. 1934. Über Dermatocarpon rivulorum (Arn.) DT. et Sarnth. und D. arnoldianum Degel. n. sp. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 75: 151-161. [key to 6 species of section Entosthelia, now all on N. Am. list of Dermatocarpon in the strict sense; descriptions and photographs of 2 species]

Breuss, O. 1995 Bemerkungen zur Sektion Polyrhizion der Flechtengattung Dermatocarpon (Verrucariaceae). Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde 4: 137-145 [key to section, 5 species, 3 on N. Am. list of Dermatocarpon in the strict sense; descriptions, D. reticulatum]

Breuss, O. and McCune, B. 1994. Additions to the pyrenolichen flora of North America. Bryologist 97: 365-370. [D. lorenzianum]

Rosentreter, R. and McCune, B. 1992. Vagrant Dermatocarpon in western North America. Bryologist 95: 15-19. [variants of D. miniatum and D. reticulatum, illustrations]

Zschacke, H. 1933-1934. Epigloeaceae, Verrucariaceae und Dermatocarpaceae. In Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 9,1(1): 44-695. [key, 13 species in sections Entosthelia and Polyrhizion, 6 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Hafellner, J., Mayrhofer, H. and Poelt, J. 1979. Die Gattungen der Flechtenfamilie Physciaceae. Herzogia 5: 39-79. [new genus, D. catawbense, generic comparisons]

Thomson, J.W. 1967. The lichen genus Baeomyces in North America north of Mexico. Bryologist 70: 285-298. [2 species as Baeomyces, key, descriptions, microcrystal tests]

Gierl, C. and Kalb, K. 1993. Die Flechtengattung Dibaeis. Eine Übersicht über die rosafrüchtigen Arten von Baeomyces sens. lat. nebst Anmerkungen zu Phyllobaeis gen. nov. Herzogia 9: 593-645. [world key, 14 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations (including stained asci)]

Ihlen, P.G. 1998. The lichenicolous fungi on species of the genera Baeomyces, Dibaeis, and Icmadophila in Norway. Lichenologist 30: 27-57. [key, 19 lichenicolous species, descriptions, illustration]

Parmasto, E. 1978. The genus Dictyonema ("Thelephorolichenes"). Nova Hedwigia 29: 99-144. [key, 5 "species," 3 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [keys, 3 species, 1 as Cora, descriptions]

Henssen, A. 1963. Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 18(l): 1-123. [D. moorei, illustration]

Sheard, J.W. 1974. The genus Dimelaena in North America north of Mexico. Bryologist 77: 128-141. [key, 4 species, descriptions, photographs of thalli]

Sheard, J.W. and Mayrhofer, H. 1984. Two new species of the lichenized ascomycete genus Dimelaena Norm. Bryologist 87: 246-248. [D. weberi a new species, description]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [key, 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Lettau, G. (1932-37). Monographische Bearbeitung einiger Flechtenfamilien. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis, Beihefte 69: 1-150. [descriptions only of 3 species as Microphiale, 2 on N. Am. list]

Poelt, J. and Vezda, A. 1981. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Ergänz-ungsheft II. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 16. J. Cramer, Valduz. 390 pp. [key, 2 species, 1 on N. Am. list]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [D. canescens, good description; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Bratt, C.C. 1984. Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) Mass. new to North America. Bryologist 87: 160-161. [brief characterization]

Lumbsch, H. Th. 1989. Die holarktischen Vertreter der Flechtengattung Diploschistes (Thelotremataceae). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 66: 133-196. [key, 14 holarctic species, 10 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Lumbsch, H.T. and Guderley, R. (no date). Thelotremataceae: Diploschistes {Online}. In: LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm (under Thelotremataceae) {accessed 1999 September 30}. [online interactive multiple-access world key to Diploschistes, 29 species, 11 on N. Am. list]

Abu-zinada, A.H., Hawksworth, D.L. and Bokhary, H.A. 1986. The lichens of Saudi Arabia, with a key to the species reported. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, Special Publication 2: 1-54. [D. arabiensis a new species, description, color photograph]

Szatala, O. 1956. Neue Flechten. V. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, series nova 7: 271-282. [world key, about 46 species, 6 on N. Am. list, in Latin]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [one of the few flora to accept the genus; generic description; key, 4 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Nordin, A 1996. Buellia species (Physciaceae) with pluriseptate spores in Norden. In: Hultgard, U.-M., Martinsson, K. and Moberg, R. (eds.) The Nordic Flora--Towards the Twenty-First Century. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 31(3): 327-354. [key, 7 species, as Buellia, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Tehler, A. 1983. The genera Dirina and Roccellina (Rocellaceae). Opera Botanica 70: 1-86. [world key, 7 species, 2 on N. Am. list (one of these as a subspecies], descriptions, illustrations]

Awasthi, D.D. 1975. A monograph of the lichen genus Dirinaria. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 2. J. Cramer, Leutershausen, Germany. 108 pp. [world key, 26 species, 9 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 8 species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [world key, 9 species, including 3 undescribed, 4 on N. Am. list; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Aptroot, A. 1991. A Monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (Excluding Anthracothecium and Pyrenula) and the Requienellaceae, with Notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae and Mycomicrothelia (Lichenized and Non-lichenized Ascomycetes). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 44. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 178 pp. [Distopyrenis a new genus, description; world key, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

Kalb, K. and Vezda, A. 1988. Neue oder bemerkenswerte Arten der Flechtenfamilie Gomphillaceae in der Neotropis. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 29. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 80 pp. [key to 14 neotropical species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions and illustrations for several non-N. Am. species]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [key, 9 species, E. pellicula]

Sérusiaux, E. 1979. Foliicolous lichens from southeastern United States. Bryologist 82: 88-93. [E. intercedens]

Lücking, R. 1997. Additions and Corrections to the Knowledge of the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of Costa Rica. The Family Gomphillaceae. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 65. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 109 pp. [19 species in overall key, 0 on N. Am. list, some descriptions, spore drawings, photographs] might still include

Alstrup, V. and Cole, M.S. 1998. Lichenicolous fungi of British Columbia. Bryologist 101: 221-229. [E. aerophilum newly described, on N. Am. list, spore illustration]

Keissler, K. von. 1930. Die Flechtenparasiten. In Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 8: 1-712. [E. reticulatum, p. 327]

Hafellner, J. and Calatayud, V. 1999. Lichenostigma cosmopolites, a common lichenicolous fungus on Xanthoparmelia species. Mycotaxon 72: 107-114. [comparison of E. reticulatum with Lichenostigma cosmopolites, with which it is frequently confused]

Jordan, W. P. 1980. Edrudia, a new genus from California (Lichenes: Teloschistaceae). Bryologist 83: 64-67. [E. constipans, illustrations]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [monospecific genus, description; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Hafellner, J. 1984. Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae. In: H. Hertel and F. Oberwinkler (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 241-371. [Eiglera a new genus, description, drawings of anatomy]

[The first and third references together treat all taxa on the N. Am. list as of 2002]

Ryan, Bruce. (1994-1999) Working keys for the identification of North American lichens. {diskette} Available: from the author at brucryan@mail.dancris.com [9 N. Am species are described, 8 in key, plus 2 undescribed are mentioned; for details and problems see annotation under "Twenty most useful"]

Poelt, J. 1969. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Cramer, Lehre. 757 pp. {English translation available from Dr. Doyle Anderegg Doyle@uidaho.edu in a version with certain genera replaced by revised text from Poelt and Vezda (1977).} [key, 17 species, 10 on N. Am. list]

Breuss, O. 2002. Endocarpon. In Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 181-187. [key to 10 species, 8 on N. Am. list; full species and generic descriptions; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/PublicationsforSale.htm]

Breuss, O. and McCune. B. 1994. Additions to the pyrenolichen flora of North America. Bryologist 97: 365-370. [E. adsurgens, comparative note only]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1979. Studies in the genus Endococcus (Ascomycotina, Dothideales). Botaniska Notiser 132: 283-290. [key, 12 species, 3 (4) on N. Am. list, some illustrations; P. perpusillus included in P. propinquus]

Matzer, M., Mayrhofer, H. and Wippel, A. 1996. Dimelaena radiata (Physciaceae, Lecanorales) and its lichenicolous fungus Endococcus buelliae (Verrucariales). Bryologist 99: 450-456. [description, illustration, comparisons]

Triebel, D. 1989. Lecideicole Ascomyceten. Eine Revision der obligat lichenicolen Ascomyceten auf lecideoiden Flechten. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 35. J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart. 278 pp. [one overall key, 3 species, all on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of spores and asci]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [key, 11 species, 3 on N. Am. list, spore illustrations]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 4 species, 2 of which lack names; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Torrente, P. and Egea, J.M. 1989. La Familia Opegraphaceae en el Area Mediterránea de la Península Ibérica y Norte de Africa. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 32. J. Cramer, Berlin. 282.pp. [key, 5 species, 1 on N. Am. list, E. zonata, drawings of anatomy]

Redinger, K. 1938. Restitution und kritische Revision der Flechtengattungen Enterographa Fée und Sclerophyton Eschw. Feddes Repertorium 43: 49-77. [key, 29 species of Enterographa in the broad sense; E. quassiicola on the N. Am. list, description]

Tønsberg, T. and Brodo, I.M. 1992. Enterographa zonata and Opegrapha gyrocarpa new to North America. Bryologist 95:225-226. [brief characterization]

Aptroot, A. 1991. A Monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (Excluding Anthracothecium and Pyrenula) and the Requienellaceae, with Notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae and Mycomicrothelia (Lichenized and Non-lichenized Ascomycetes). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 44. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 178 pp. ["world" key (but see next entry), 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Coppins, B.J., James, P.W. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1992. New species and combinations in the Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Lichenologist 24: 351-369. [3 new species, none in Aptroot (1991), 0 on N. Am. list, illustrations]

Harris, R.C. 1973. The corticolous pyrenolichens of the Great Lakes Region. Michigan Botanist 12: 3-68. [one overall key; description of genus and of E. intermedia (as E. leucoplaca); drawing of spore]

Henssen, A. 1963. Eine Revision der Flechtenfamilien Lichinaceae und Ephebaceae. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 18(l): 1-123. [separate keys for fertile and sterile specimens, 12 species, 6 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1981. The lichenicolous Coelomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 9: 1-98. [Epicladonia a new genus, description; key, 3 species, including E. simplex, descriptions]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [key, 3 species, 1 on N. Am. list, spore drawings]

Hafellner, J. 1979. Karschia. Revision einer Sammelgattung an der Grenze von lichenisierten und nichtlichenisierten Ascomyceten. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 62: 1-248. [2 species in general key, generic description, E. scabrosus]

Triebel, D. 1989. Lecideicole Ascomyceten. Eine Revision der obligat lichenicolen Ascomyceten auf lecideoiden Flechten. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 35. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 278 pp. [1 species, E. stellata newly described, drawings of spores, in overall key]

Hafellner, J. 1978. Catolechia Flotow ex Massalongo emend. Körber und Epilichen Clements ex Hafellner--zwei nahe verwandte Flechtengattungen. Nova Hedwigia 30:

673-695. [generic description and comparisons, E. scabrosus, illustrations]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [E. scabrosus, fine illustration of thallus]

Jørgensen, P.M. 2000. Survey of the lichen family Pannariaceae on the American continent north of Mexico. Bryologist: 103: 670-704. [key to genera and species, 3 N. Am. species; descriptions of genera and species, notes, photographs of thalli of all taxa]

Swinscow, T.D.V. and Krog, H. 1988. Macrolichens of East Africa. British Museum (Natural History}, London, 390 pp. [key to 5 species, E. sorediatum, E. pedicellatum, and E. mollissimum on N. Am. list, descriptions of species and genus]

Keuk, G. 1977. Ontogenetisch-systematische Studie über Erioderma im Vergleich mit anderen cyanophilen Flechtengattungen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 6. J. Cramer, Vaduz. 175 pp. [key, 13 "studied" species, E. pedicellatum on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations, detailed description of genus]

Maass, W.S.G. 1983. New observations on Erioderma in North America. Nordic Journal of Botany 3: 567-576. [distribution and ecology of all 3 N. Am. species, but no descriptions or keys]

Esslinger, T.L. 1971. Cetraria idahoensis, a new species of lichen endemic to western North America. Bryologist 74: 364-369. [E. idahoensis, description and photographs]

Elix, J.A. 1993. Progress in the generic delimitation of Parmelia sensu lato lichens (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae)and a synoptic key to the Parmeliaceae. Bryologist 96: 359-383. [description of monospecific genus]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [key, 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Henssen, A., Büdel, B. and Titze, A. 1988. Euopsis and Harpidium, genera of the Lichinaceae (Lichenes) with rostrate asci. Botanica Acta, Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 101: 83-89. [ascus structure, anatomy, and ontogeny only]

Bird, C.D. 1974. Studies on the lichen genus Evernia in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 52: 2427-2434. [key, 5 N. Am. species, brief characterizations and comparisons, photographs of thalli]

Sipman, H.J.M. 1980. Studies on Colombian cryptogams. X. The genus Everniastrum Hale and related taxa (Lichenes). Proceedings of the Koninglijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C, 83: 333-354. [key to Colombian foliose lichens with linear lobes and marginal cilia, 12 species, 9 Everniastrum, 2 on N. Am. list, both illustrated, descriptions, comparisons; Cetrariastrum a new genus, description]

Sipman, H. 1986. Notes on the lichen genus Everniastrum (Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 26: 235-251. [world key, 27 species, 2 on N. Am. list, description of genus and comparison with Cetrariastrum]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1976. Synopsis of a new lichen genus, Everniastrum Hale (Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 3: 345-353. [world key, 21 species, 2 on N. Am. list]

Culberson, W.L. and Culberson, C.F. 1981. The genera Cetrariastrum and Concamerella (Parmeliaceae): A chemosystematic synopsis. Bryologist 84: 273-314. [23 species of Cetrariastrum; the 2 N. Am. species of Everniastrum are keyed under C. cirrhatum group]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1982. Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: IV. Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh 40: 375-397. [E. flexispora described as a new genus and species; illustration]

Alstrup, V. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1990. The lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grönland., Bioscience 31: 1-90. [1 in main key, E. flexispora, description, illustration]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1983. A key to the lichen-forming, parasitic, parasymbiotic and saprophytic fungi occurring on lichens in the British Isles. Lichenologist 15: 1-44. [1 species in overall key, 1 on N. Am. list]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [genus in overall key, brief description of E. flexispora]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

Farnoldia (3)

Hertel, H. 1967. Revision einiger calciphiler Formenkreise der Flechtengattung Lecidea. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 24: 1-155. [3 N. Am. species in key as Lecidea, descriptions, some illustrations]

Fröberg, L. 1989. The Calcicolous Lichens on the Great Alvar of Öland, Sweden. Institutionen för Systematisk Botanik, Lund. 109 pp. [descriptions and drawings of 2 species, both on N. Am. list; ecological notes]

Hertel, H. 1983. Über einige aus Lecidea und Melanolecia (Ascomycetes lichenisati) auszuschliessende Arten. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 19: 441-447. [Farnoldia newly described, new combinations]

Singer R. 1969 Mycoflora australis. Beheift zur Nova Hedwigia 29: 1-405. [F. striatula, description p. 146]

Lange, J. E. 1930. Studies in the agarics of Denmark. Part VIII. Omphalia. Pleurotis. Clitocybe. Dansk Botansk Arkiv 6(5): 1-61. [F. leucophylla described and illustrated as Omphalia (but spines on spores omitted), key to 32 Omphalia]

Lange, M. and Sivertsen, S. 1966. Some species of Lyophyllum, Rhodocybe, and Fayodia with rough spores. Nomenclature and taxonomic position. Botanisk Tidsskrift 62: 197-211. [partial description of F. leucophylla]

Singer, R. 1986. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4^th ed. pp. 428-30. [detailed generic description]

[the first two listings below together cover all 4 listed species; see also Bacidia or Catillaria keys written before 1986]

Sérusiaux, E. 1996. Foliicolous lichens from Madeira, with the description of a new genus and two new species and a world-wide key of foliicolous Fellhanera. Lichenologist 28: 197-227. [detailed key, 33 species, 3 on N. Am. list]

Ekman, S. 1996. The corticolous and lignicolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina in North America. Opera Botanica 127: 1-148. [F. floridana, description]

Lücking, R. 1997. Additions and corrections to the knowledge of the foliicolous lichen flora of Costa Rica. The genus Fellhanera, with notes on Bacidia pauciseptata. Tropical Bryology 13: 141-173. [10 new species described, 15 others treated but not described, 1 on N. Am. list]

Coppins, B.J. and James, P.W. 1978. New or interesting British lichens II. Lichenologist 10: 179-207. [F. vezdae (as Bacidia), description, drawings]

Sérusiaux, E. 1996. Foliicolous lichens from Madeira, with the description of a new genus and two new species and a world-wide key of foliicolous Fellhanera. Lichenologist 28: 197-227. [Fellhaneropsis a new genus, description; 1 sp. on N. Am. list, brief characterization]

Kärnefelt, I. and Thell, A. 1994. The genus Flavocetraria Kärnefelt and Thell (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycotina) and its affinities. In: Stenroos, S. (ed.) Focus on Lichen Taxonomy and Biogeography: A Festschrift in Honour of Teuvo Ahti. Acta Botanica Fennica, 150, Finnish Botanical Publishing Board, Helsinki, pp. 79-86. [new genus, generic comparisons, 2 species, both on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Thomson, J.W. 1984. America Arctic Lichens 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pp. [2 species in key to Cetraria in the broad sense, descriptions, fine illustrations]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1976. A monograph of the lichen genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 31: 1-62. [3 N. Am. species in key as Pseudoparmelia, descriptions, photographs of aspect]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1986. Flavoparmelia, a new genus in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 25: 603-605. [generic description only]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1980. Taxonomy and distribution of the Parmelia flaventior group (lichens: Parmeliaceae). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 47: 75-84. [key, 4 species, 4 on N. Am. list, brief characterizations, comparisons]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1984. Flavopunctelia, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 20: 681-682. [generic description]

Krog, H. 1982. Punctelia, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae. Nordic Journal of Botany 2: 287-292. [4 species (4 on N. Am. list) as subgenus Flavopunctelia in key to 22 Punctelia]

Kalb, K. 1994. Frutidella, eine neue Flechtengattung für Lecidea caesioatra Schaerer. Hoppea, Denkschriften der Regensburgischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 55: 581-586. [description and illustration of monospecific genus, 1 on N. Am. list]

Clauzade, G. and Roux, C. 1985. Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita Determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Nouvelle Série, Numéro Spécial 7. Royan, France. 893 pp. [detailed key to 11 species, 3 on N. Am. list, spore drawings]

Poelt, J. and Vezda, A. 1977. Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Ergänzungsheft I. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 9. J. Cramer, Valduz. 258 pp. [detailed key to 12 species, 3 on N. Am. list]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [key to 2 species, 3 species described]

Poelt, J. and Hinteregger, E. 1993. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flechtenflora des Himalaya. VII. Die Gattungen Caloplaca, Fulgensia und Ioplaca (mit englischem Bestimmungsschlüssel). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 50. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 247 pp. [key, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Gilbert, O.L. 1978. Fulgensia in the British Isles. Lichenologist 10: 33-46. [key, 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of spores]

McCune, B. 1985. Sterile, yellowish lichen crusts on soil in North America. Evansia 2: 23-26. [2 species in key]

[See Ryan’s computer keys and major European flora; see also Lecidea, especially Lowe (1939)]

Oberhollenzer, H. and Wirth, V. 1984. Beiträge zur Revision der Flechtengattung Fuscidea. In: Hertel, H. and Oberwinkler, F. (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz, pp. 537-595. [9 species, 5 on N. Am. list, descriptions, good illustrations, generic description]

Inoue, M. 1981. A taxonomic study on the Japanese species of Fuscidea (Lichens). Hikobia Supplement 1: 161-176. [key to 6 species, 3 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Inoue, M. 1981. A preliminary revision of extra-Japanese species of Fuscidea (Lichens). Hikobia Supplement 1: 177-181. [key, 14 species, 3 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Tønsberg, T. 1992. The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia 14: 1-331. [4 in overall key, 4 on N. Am. list, detailed descriptions, some photographs

Brodo, I.M. and Wirth, V. 1998. Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. 4. The genus Fuscidea (Fuscideaceae). - In: Glenn, M.G, Harris, R.C., Dirig, R. and Cole, M.S. (eds.). Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon Ltd., Ithaca, New York, pp. 149-162. [key to 4 British Colombian species, 3 described, photographs of thalli, F. thomsonii described as a new species; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/]

Fuscopannaria (10)[25]

Jørgensen, P.M. 2000. Survey of the lichen family Pannariaceae on the American continent north of Mexico. Bryologist: 103: 670-704. [key to genera and species, 25 N. Am. species, 9 new to science and 3 transferred; descriptions of genera and species, notes, photographs of thalli of all taxa]

Jørgensen, P. M. 2000. On the sorediate counterparts of the lichen Fuscopannaria leucosticta. Bryologist 103: 104-107. [world key to 10 species, 6 on N. Am. list; F. sorediata, new species, description and photographs of thallus]

Jørgensen, P.M. 1994. Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae VI: the taxonomy and phytogeography of Pannaria Del. s. lat. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 76: 197-206. [Fuscopannaria described as a new genus; photographs of stained asci]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

Rambold, G. and Triebel, D. 1990. Gelatinopsis, Geltingia and Phaeopyxis: three helotialean genera with lichenicolous species. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 46: 375-389. [key to 9 lichenicolous helotialean fungal species; description of genus and of G. associata, drawings of asci, comparative table]

Alstrup, V. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1990. The lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grönland., Bioscience 31: 1-90. [Geltingia described as a new genus; 3 species in main key, 1 on N. Am. list (not described), the other two described as new, illustrations]

Schultz,M. 2002. Gloeoheppia. In Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 202-203. [full species and generic descriptions, photograph of thallus; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/PublicationsforSale.htm]

Henssen, A. 1995. The new lichen family Gloeoheppiaceae and its genera Gloeoheppia, Pseudopeltula and Gudelia (Lichinales). Lichenologist 27: 261-290. [descriptions, illustrations; 1 on N. Am. list]

Nakanishi, 1966. The family Graphidaceae in Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, series B, Division 2 (Botany) 11: 52-126. [key to genera, 1 species, G. cicatricosa, description, drawings of spores and apothecial anatomy]

Awasthi, D.D. 1991. A Key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 340 pp. [detailed key to 3 species, 1 on N. Am. list]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [G. cicatricosa in key to genera; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [key to genera, description and illustration of G. scabra]

Thomson, J.W. 1979. Lichens of the Alaskan Arctic Slope. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 314 pp. [key to genera, description of G. scabra]

Golubkova, N.S. 1988. The Lichen Family Acarosporaceae in the U.S.S.R. Komarov Botanical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. (`Nauka'), Leningrad. 136 pp. [G. scabra only, in Russian]

Gomphillaceae    (key for the determining the genera of the family)

Vezda, A. 1987. Flechtensystematische Studien XII. Die Familie Gomphillaceae und ihre Gliederung. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 22: 179-198. [Gomphillaceae]

Lücking, R. 1997. Additions and Corrections to the Knowledge of the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of Costa Rica. The Family Gomphillaceae. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 65. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 109 pp. [foliicolous Gomphillaceae]

Buck, W.R. 1998. Lichen flora of eastern North America: the genus Gomphillus (Gomphillaceae). In: Glenn, M.G., Harris, R.C., Dirig, R., and Cole, M.S. (eds.): Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon Ltd., Ithaca, New York pp. 71-76. [key, 2 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, fine illustrations of morphology; article available online from the Eastern Lichen Network at http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/eln/articles.html/; book available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/]

Kalb, K. and Vezda, A. 1988. Neue oder bemerkenswerte Arten der Flechtenfamilie Gomphillaceae in der Neotropis. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 29. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 80 pp. [key to 3 neotropical species, 2 on N. Am. list, illustration only of G. calicioides]

Esslinger, T.L. 1975. A new North American species of the lichen genus Gomphillus. Mycotaxon 1: 189-192. [G. americanus, photographs, comparison with G. calycioides]

Vezda, A. 1987. Flechtensystematische Studien XII. Die Familie Gomphillaceae und ihre Gliederung. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 22: 179-198. [key to genera in family, illustration only of hyphophores of G. americanus]

Vezda, A. 1979. Flechten systematische Studien XI. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Familie Asterothyriaceae (Discolichens). Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 14: 43-94. [illustration of hyphophores ascomatal anatomy of G. calycioides]

Vezda, A. 1959. K taxonomii rozsireni a ekologii lisejniku Belonia russula Krb. ve stredni Evrope. (Zur Systematik, Verbreitung und Ökologie der Flechte Belonia russula Kbr. in Mitteleuropa.) Prirodovedny Casopsi Slezsky 20: 241-253. [key to 5 European species of Belonia and 7 of Gongylia, only G. muscorum on N. Am. list, in German and Czech]

Aptroot, A. 1991. A Monograph of the Pyrenulaceae (Excluding Anthracothecium and Pyrenula) and the Requienellaceae, with Notes on the Pleomassariaceae, the Trypetheliaceae and Mycomicrothelia (lichenized and non-lichenized ascomycetes). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 44. J. Cramer, Berlin. 178 pp. [Granulopyrenis described as a new genus; world key, 3 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [world key to 4 species plus one unnamed, 1 on N. Am. list, notes; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Staiger, B., and Kalb, K. 1999. Acanthothecis and other graphidioid lichens with warty periphysoids or paraphysis-tips. Mycotaxon 73: 69-134. [key to all known graphidioid species with warty periphyses or paraphysis-tips, 34 species, 3 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings for about 50%; descriptions and delimitations of subgroups]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 16 species plus 4 unnamed; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [key, 18 species, 13 still on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Wirth, M. and Hale, M.E., Jr. 1978. Morden-Smithsonian expedition to Dominica: the lichens (Graphidaceae). Smithsonian Contributions in Botany 40: 1-64. [key, 22 species, 7 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of apothecia]

Wirth, M. and Hale, M.E., Jr. 1963. The lichen family Graphidaceae in Mexico. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 63-119. [21 Graphina species in key to family, 5 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of apothecia and spores]

Wirth, M. and Hale, M.E., Jr. 1978. Morden-Smithsonian expedition to Dominica: the lichens (Graphidaceae). Smithsonian Contributions in Botany 40: 1-64. [key, 27 species, 13 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of apothecia]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key to 25 named and 4 unnamed Florida species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [key, 24 species, 19 still on list, descriptions]

Nakanishi, M. 1966. Taxonomical studies on the family Graphidaceae of Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, series B. Div. 2 (Bot.), 11: 51-126. [key, 17 species, 7 on N. Am. list, descriptions, comparisons, drawings of spores and anatomy]

Wirth, M. and Hale, M.E., Jr. 1963. The lichen family Graphidaceae in Mexico. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 63-119. [14 Graphis species in key to family, 5 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of apothecia and spores]

Egea, J.M. and Torrente, P. 1997. Graphis saxorum (lichenized Ascomycotina, Graphidaceae) a new species from California and Baja California. Bryologist 100: 207-209. [one species described and illustrated]

Alstrup, V. and Hawksworth, D.L. 1990. The lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grönland., Bioscience 31: 1-90. [Graphium aphthosae newly described, in main key]

Hoffmann, N. & Hafellner, J. 2000. Eine Revision der lichenicolen Arten der Sammelgattungen Guignardia und Physalospora. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 77, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 190 pp. [world key to lichenicolous pyrenomycetes with hyaline, non-septate spores; drawings only of G. bidwellii]

Vezda, A. 1958. Ceskoslovenske druhy rodu Gyalecta a Pachyphiale s klicem a prehledem evropskych druhu. (Die tschechoslowakischen Gyalecta- und Pachyphiale-Arten nebst Bestimmungsschlüssel und Übersicht der europaischen Arten.). Sborn. Vyskoe Skoly Zemedelske a Lesnicke v Brne. Rada C: Spisy Fakul. Lesnicke 1958(1): 21-56. [key, 37 species, 9 on N. Am. list, spore drawings, in German]

Lettau, G. (1932-37). Monographische Bearbeitung einiger Flechtenfamilien. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis, Beihefte 69: 1-150. [descriptions only of 33 species, 8 on N. Am. list]

Hansen, E.S., Poelt, J. and Vezda, A. 1987. The lichen genera Gyalecta, Gyalidea and Sagiolechia in Greenland. Herzogia 7: 367-374. [6 species, all on N. Am. list, brief characterizations]

Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 12: 1-590. [key to 3 species, G. filicium on N. Am. list, description, drawing of thalli}

Buck, W.R. and Sérusiaux, E. 2000. Gyalectidium yahriae, sp. nov. (lichenized Ascomycetes, Gomphillaceae) from Florida and Papua New Guinea. Bryologist 103: 134-138. [description of one new species; SEM photographs of anatomy and morphology]

Lücking, R. 1997. Additions and Corrections to the Knowledge of the Foliicolous Lichen Flora of Costa Rica. The Family Gomphillaceae. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 65. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 109 pp. [3 species in overall key, 1 on N. Am. list, photograph of thallus]

Awasthi, D.D. 1991. A Key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 340 pp. [key, 2 species, 1 on N. Am. list]

Vezda, A. 1966. Flechtensystematische Studien IV. Die Gattung Gyalidea. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 1: 311-340. [world key, 13 species, 3 in N. Am., descriptions, detailed drawings]

Vezda, A. and J. Poelt 1991. Die Flechtengattung Gyalidea Lett. ex Vezda (Solorinellaceae): Eine Übersicht mit Bestimmungsschlüssel. Nova Hedwigia 53: 99-113 [world key, 24 species, all N. Am. species in, but not described]

Hansen, E.S., Poelt, J. and Vezda, A. 1987. The lichen genera Gyalecta, Gyalidea and Sagiolechia in Greenland. Herzogia 7:367-374. [G. lecideopsis]

Vezda, A. 1979. Flechtensystematische Studien XI. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Familie Asterothyriaceae (Discolichenes). Folio Geobotanica Phytotaxonomica 14: 43-94. [key, 16 species, 3 on N. Am. list, fine illustrations]

Kalb, K. and Vezda, A. 1988. Neue oder bemerkenswerte Arten der Flechtenfamilie Gomphillaceae in der Neotropis. Bibliotheca Lichenographica 29. J. Cramer, Berlin, Berlin-Stuttgart. 80 pp. [key to 18 neotropical species, 3 on N. Am. list, G. vainioi and several non-N. Am. species described and illustrated]

James, P.W. 1975. The genus Gyalideopsis Vezda in Britain. Lichenologist 7: 155-161. [key, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Noble, W. 1982. The lichens of the coastal Douglas-fir dry subzone of British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 942 pp. [reprinted version of Noble’s species treatments; G. piceicola as G. alnicola, description; available from Bruce McCune at Bruce.McCune@science.oregonstate.edu]

Yoshimura, I. and Sharp, A.J. 1968. A revision of the genus Gymnoderma. American Journal of Botany 55: 635-640. [key, 3 species, 1 on N. Am. list, chemistry, drawings]

Thomson, J.W. 1967. The lichen genus Cladonia in North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 172 pp. [G. lineare as Cladonia, description, in overall key]

Timdal, E. 1990. Gypsoplacaceae and Gypsoplaca, a new family and genus of squamiform lichens. in Jahns, H.M. (ed.). Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of A. Henssen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart, pp. 419-427. [monospecific, description, illustration]

Poelt, J. and Gärtner, G. 1992. Gypsoplaca macrophylla, eine Flechte winterkalter Halbwüsten in den Alpen. Herzogia 9: 229-237. [description, illustrations]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [1 species, description]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens, Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [1 N. Am. species in generic key for Graphidaceae; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Awasthi, D.D. 1991. A Key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. 340 pp. [1 species, 1 on N. Am. list, description]

Thor, G. 1995. Additional lichen records from Australia. 23. Three lichens new to Australia and a new locality for a Collema species. Australasian Lichenological Newsletter 37: 19-23. [Gyrostomum scyphuliferum]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

   He     Ho     Hy

Staiger, B. and Kalb, K. 1995. Haematomma-studien. I. Die Flechtengattung Haematomma. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 59. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart, pp. 1-198 [world monograph; key in English, 35 species; descriptions in German, spore drawings and color photographs of thalli; comparisons with Loxospora and Ophioparma]

Culberson, W.L. 1963. A summary of the lichen genus Haematomma in North America. Bryologist 66: 224-236. [artificial key to 7 N. Am. species, including species now in Ophioparma and Loxospora, key to sections (now separate genera); 3 species in section Haematomma; notes]

Kalb, K., Hafellner, J. and Staiger, B. 1995. Haematomma-studien. II. Lichenicole Pilze auf Arten der Flechtengattung Haematomma. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 59. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart. pp. 199-222. [key to 14 fungal parasites on Haematomma, descriptions of new species only]

Sheard, J.W. 1992. The lichenized ascomycete genus Hafellia in North America. Bryologist 95: 79-87. [key, 5 species, 4 on N. Am. list, descriptions, drawings of spores]

Marbach, B. 2000. Corticole und lignicole Arten der Flechtengattung Buellia sensu lato in den Subtropen und Tropen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 74. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart, 384 pp. [key to 17 species of Hafellia, 3 on N. Am. list; detailed descriptions, drawings of anatomy for each species]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [3 N. Am species in key to Buellia; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Hafellnera (1) [recently transferred to Schaereria]

Clauzade, G. and Roux, C. 1985. Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita Determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Nouvelle Série, Numéro Spécial 7. Royan, France. 893 pp. [monospecific genus in key to genera of Lecidea s. lat., detailed descriptions and anatomical drawings]

Lumbsch, H.T. 1997. Systematic studies in the suborder Agyriineae (Lecanorales). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 83: 1-73. [puts the genus back into Schaereria]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [key, 5 species, 2 on N. Am. list, descriptions, spore drawing; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Fryday, A.M. and Coppins, B.J. 1996. Three new species in the Catillariaceae from the central highlands of Scotland. Lichenologist 28: 507-512. [key to 8 British species of Helecania, 2 on N. Am. list]

Mayrhofer, M. 1987. Studien über die saxicolen Arten der Flechtengattung Lecania in Europa. Herzogia 7: 381-406. [Halecania a new genus; key 6 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations, H. alpivaga]

Coppins, B.J. 1989. On some species of Catillaria s. lat. and Halecania in the British Isles. Lichenologist 21: 217-227. [H. viridescens a new species, description, illustrations]

Tønsberg, T. 1992. The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia 14: 1-331. [overall key, H. viridescens, detailed description]

Schultz, M., Printzen, C. and Scheidegger, C. 2001 ("2000"). Harpidium nashii sp. nov., a new species and a genus new to North America. Bryologist 103: 802-805. [1 species; photographs of anatomy and morphology]

Hasse, H.E. 1913. The lichen flora of southern California. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 17: 1-132. [series of nested natural keys, monospecific (?) genus, 1 species described]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1980. Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: III. Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh 38: 165-183. [description and illustration of H. peltigericola as Ramularia]

Braun, U. 1995. A monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia, and allied genera (phytopathogenic hyphomycetes), Vol. 1, IHW-Verlag, Eching bei München. 333 pp. [monospecific genus in key to genera, description, illustration.]

Awasthi, D.D. and Joshi, M. 1979. The lichen genera Helminthocarpon, Cyclographa, and Cyclographina (gen. nov.). Norwegian Journal of Botany 26: 165-177. [revision, 2 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations ]

Rogers, R.W. 1980. The Genera of Australian Lichens (Lichenized Fungi). University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, London, New York. 124 pp. [key to genera, description of genus]

Lowe, J.L. 1939. The genus Lecidea in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Lloydia 2: 225-304. [in key as Lecidea crassipes, description]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [in key to Micarea as M. crassipes; description; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm ]

Büdel, M., Schultz, M., and Nash, T.H., III. 2002. Heppia. In Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 204-207. [key to all 4 species on N. Am. list; full species and generic descriptions]

Henssen, A. 1994. Contribution to the morphology and species delimitation in Heppia sensu stricto (lichenized Ascomycotina). In: Stenroos, S. (ed.) Focus on Lichen Taxonomy and Biogeography: A Festschrift in Honour of Teuvo Ahti. Acta Botanica Fennica, 150, Finnish Botanical Publishing Board, Helsinki, pp. 57-73. [world key, 6 species, 3 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations; resurrects H. adglutinata and H. conchiloba]

Wetmore, C.M. 1971 ("1970"). The lichen family Heppiaceae in North America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 57: 158-209. [H. euploca only in overall key of 13 species, descriptions, photographs of thalli; includes H. adglutinata and H. conchiloba in concept of H. lutosa]

Ekman, S. 1996. The corticolous and lignicolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina in North America. Opera Botanica 127: 1-148. [H. alaskensis, description p. 127, generic comparison p. 40]

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W., and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [description of genus, no species on N. Am. list; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Harada, H. 1991. Heterocarpon Müll. Arg., an overlooked lichenicolous genus. Systema Ascomycetum 10: 1-6. [H. ochroleucum in monospecific genus, description, illustrations]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [treated incorrectly as a lichen, description]

Tibell, L. 1987. Australasian Caliciales. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 27(1): 1-279. [monospecific genus, full description, fine illustration]

Tibell, L. 1996. Caliciales. Flora Neotropica, 69, New York Botanical Garden, New York. 78 pp. [monospecific genus, description, photograph of habitus]

Tibell, L. 1984. A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales. In: H. Hertel and F. Oberwinkler (eds.). Beiträge zur Lichenologie. Festschrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz pp. 597-713. [description of monospecific genus]

Culberson, W.L. 1966. Chemistry and taxonomy of the lichen genera Heterodermia and Anaptychia in the Carolinas. Bryologist 69: 472-487. [key, 14 species, all still on N. Am. list, chemistry and comparisons]

Kurokawa, S. 1962. A monograph of the genus Anaptychia. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 6: 1-115. [79 species in series of keys to Anaptychia in the broad sense, 19 species on N. Am. list of Heterodermia, descriptions, photographs and drawings; presently accepted generic delimitations do not follow Kurokawa’s infrageneric taxa]]

Moberg, R. and Nash, T.H., III. 1999. The genus Heterodermia in the Sonoran Desert. Bryologist 102: 1-14. [key, 18 species, 15 species on N. Am. list; descriptions, a few photographs of thalli]

Schramm, R. and Nash, T.H., III. (1999). Physciaceae: Heterodermia (subset Sonoran Desert?) {Online}. In: LIAS: A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Available: http://www.mycology.net//lias/index.cfm (under Physciaceae){accessed 1999 September 30}. [online interactive multiple-access key; also available in downloadable format; 18 species in key; probably based on Moberg and Nash, 1999]

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens. Including the 10 Cent Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Published by the author, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 192 pp. [key, 10 species; available from Elisabeth Lay at Lay239@aol.com or may be copied from anyone who own a copy]

Schumm, F. 2000. Hilfsschlüssel zu sorediösen, unterseits unberindeten Heterodermia-Arten (inkl. einiger soredienfreier, sonst habituell ähnlicher Arten, Flechten, Physciaceae). Mitteilungen der Mikroskopischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Stuttgart 2000: 66-86. [detailed world key to the 30 sorediate species with an ecorticate lower surface; 14 on N. Am. list; an updated version (dated 2001 January 02) is available online as as a .pdf file at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/schumm {accessed 2001 September 13}]

Schumm, F. 2001. Hilfsschlüssel zum Bestimmen der Arten der Gattung Heterodermia mit Podocarpa-Wuchsform {Online in .pdf format}. Available: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/schumm {accessed 2001 September 13} [detailed world key to the 32 small shrubby species; 8 on N. Am. list]

Esslinger, T.L. and Bratt, C. 1998. The Heterodermia erinacea group in North America, and a remarkable new disjunct distribution. In: Glenn, M.G., Harris, R.C., Dirig, R. and Cole, M.S.(eds.). Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon Ltd., Ithaca, New York pp. 25-36. [key to 3 ciliate small shrubby species, H. erinacea and H. namaquana on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/]

Trass, H. 1992. Synopsis of the lichen genus Heterodermia (Ascomycotina, Physciaceae sive Pyxinaceae). Folia Cryptogamic Estonica 29: 2-24. [world synopsis, comparative table for 81 species, 25 on N. Am. list]

Aptroot, A. 1987. Pyxinaceae (Lichens). Flora of the Guianas, Series E (Fungi and Lichens) 1: 1-59. [key, 12 species, 9 on N. Am. list, descriptions]

Swinscow, T. D. V. and H. Krog. 1976. The genera Anaptychia and Heterodermia in East Africa. Lichenologist 8: 103-138. [key, 25 species, 9 on N. Am. list, descriptions, a few illustrations]

Breuss, O. 1996. Ein verfeinertes Gliederungskonzept für Catapyrenium (lichenisierte Ascomyceten, Verrucariaceae) mit einem Schlüssel für die bisher bekannten Arten. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 98 B Suppl.: 35-50. ["world" key to Catapyrenium in the broad sense and to its segregates; splits Catapyrenium, in the broad sense, into several genera; Heteroplacidium described as a new genus., 9 species, 3 on N. Am. list]

Breuss, O. and McCune, B. 1994. Additions to the pyrenolichen flora of North America. Bryologist 97: 365-370. [3 species in updated key to 18 species of N. Am. Catapyrenium, in the broad sense, descriptive notes, H. congestum]

Lowen, R., Brady, B.L., Hawksworth, D.L. and Paterson, R.R.M. 1986. Two new lichenicolous species of Hobsonia. Mycologia 78: 842-846. [descriptions and illustrations of both known lichenicolous species of this genus; H. christiansenii on N. Am. list]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [key, 2 species, H. christiansenii on N. Am. list]

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. and Roux, C. 1989. Nelikenigintaj Fungoj likenlogaj. Illustrita determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence, Numéro Spécial 1: 1-141. [key, 3 species, 2 on N. Am. list, spore drawings]

Alstrup, V. and Cole, M.S. 1998. Lichenicolous fungi of British Columbia. Bryologist 101: 221-229. [Homostegia dermatocarpae described as a new species; illustration, comparisons]

Keissler, K. von. 1930. Die Flechtenparasiten. In Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 8: 1-712. [H. piggotii, description, illustrations]

Tehler, A., Lohtander, K., Myllys, L. and Sundin, R. 1997. On the identity of the genera Hubbsia and Reinkella (Roccellaceae). In: Tibell, L. and Hedberg, I. (eds.) Lichen Studies Dedicated to Rolf Santesson. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 32(1): 255-265. [world key 2 species, both on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations; key to fruticose genera in Roccellaceae]

Weber, W.A. 1965. Hubbsia, a new genus of Roccellaceae (Lichenized fungi) from Mexico. Svensk Botaniska Tidskrift 59: 59-64. [description of new genus and H. californica as H. lumbricoides, illustrations]

Tehler, A. 1990. A new approach to the phylogeny of Euascomycetes with a cladistic outline of Arthoniales focussing on Roccellaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 2458-2492. [contains a detailed description of H. californica]

Follmann, G. 1997. Hubbsia langei, a new Roccellaceae from the Atacama Desert, north Chile, and the identity of two Reinkella species. In: Kappen, L. (ed.). New Species and Novel Aspects in Ecology and Physiology of Lichens. In Honour of O. L. Lange. PP. 11-24. [H. parishii, description,, photograph of thallus, comparisons with H. california]

McCune, B. and Geiser, L. 1997. Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. [monospecific genus in key to genera, description of thallus, color photograph]

Fink, B. 1935. The lichen flora of the United States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 426 pp. [monospecific genus in keys to genera, description includes apothecia and spores]

Lutzoni, F.M. and Brodo, I.M. 1995. A generic redelimitation of the Ionaspis-Hymenelia complex (lichenized Ascomycotina). Systematic Botany 20: 224-258. [generic key to Aspicilia, Eiglera and newly redelimited Hymenelia and Ionaspis; descriptions of the last three genera, comparative tables]

Jørgensen, P.M. 1989. Notes on the lichen genus Ionaspis in Scandinavia. Graphis Scripta 2: 118-121. [key to 11 "Ionaspis" species, 5 of which now on N. Am. checklist as Hymenelia; brief but useful characterizations]

Magnusson, A. H. 1933. A monograph of the lichen genus Ionaspis. Meddelanden fran Göteborgs Botaniska Trädgard (Acta Horti Gotoburgensis (Gothoburgensis)) 8: 1-47. [difficult key, 17 "Ionaspis" species, 5 now on N. Am. list as Hymenelia, descriptions]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [4 in key to "Ionaspis," descriptions]

Thomson, J.W. 1963. The lichen genus Physcia in North America. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 7: 1-172, 47 maps, 23 pl. [key , 3 species, 3 N. Am. species, as Physcia section Macrosperma; also in large artificial key to Physcia; descriptions, photographs of thalli]

Moore, B.J. 1968. The macrolichen flora of Florida. Bryologist 71: 161-266. [key, 3 N. Am. species as "Physcopsis", descriptions]

Hafellner, J., Mayrhofer, H. and Poelt, J. 1979. Die Gattungen der Flechtenfamilie Physciaceae. Herzogia 5: 39-79. [generic description and comparisons]

Timdal, E. 1984. The genus Hypocenomyce (Lecanorales, Lecideaceae), with special emphasis on the Norwegian and Swedish species. Nordic Journal of Botany 4: 83-108. [world key, 10 species, 6 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Timdal, E. 2002. Hypocenomyce. In Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 223-228. [key to 8 species on N. Am. list; full species and generic descriptions; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/PublicationsforSale.htm]

Lisická, E. 1995. Die Flechtengattung Hypocenomyce (Ascomycotina, Lecideaceae) in der Slowakei. Preslia 67: 123-130. [key, 5 species, 4 on N. Am. list; descriptions; treats H. leucococca]

Moberg, R. 1986. Lichenes selecti exsiccati upsaliensis Fasc. 1. Thunbergia 2: 3. [H. leucococca newly described]

Timdal, E. 2001. Hypocenomyce oligospora and H. sierrae, two new lichen species. Mycotaxon 77: 445-453. [descriptions, comparative table, photographs of thalli]

Goward, T. 1988. Hypogymnia oceanica, a new lichen (Ascomycotina) from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Bryologist 91: 229-232. [key to 18 N. Am. species]

Ohlsson, K.E. 1973. New and interesting macrolichens of British Columbia. Bryologist 76: 366-387. [key to 14 N. Am. species, chemistry, brief characterizations]

McCune, B. 2002. Hypogymnia. In Nash, T.H., III, Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 229-238. [key to 12 species, 11 on N. Am. list; new species: H. gracilis, H. schizidiata (drawings); full species and generic descriptions; available from the American Bryological and Lichenological Society at http://www.unomaha.edu/~abls/PublicationsforSale.htm]

Goward, T. and B. McCune. 1993. Hypogymnia apinnata sp. nov., a new lichen (Ascomycotina) from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Bryologist 96: 450-453. [description, photographs of thallus]

Elix, J. A. 1979. A taxonomic revision of the lichen genus Hypogymnia in Australasia. Brunonia 2: 175-245. [key to 11 species, 4 in N. Am., descriptions, illustrations, H. subphysodes, H. lugubris, H. pulverata treated]

Pike, L.H. and Hale, M.E., Jr. 1982. Three new species of Hypogymnia from western North America (Lichenes: Hypogymniaceae). Mycotaxon 16: 157-161. [H. occidentalis, H. mollis, H. heterophylla, descriptions, photographs of thalli]

Brodo, I.M. 1989. Hypogymnia pulverata, new to North America. Lichenologist 21: 184-186. [description]

Hasse, H.E. 1913. The lichen flora of southern California. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 17: 1-132. [H. subcapitata in key to Parmelia, brief description]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1975. A revision of the lichen genus Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) in tropical America. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 25: 1-73. [key, 77 species, 21 on N. Am. list, descriptions, photographs of thalli]

Hale, M.E., Jr. and Kurokawa, S. 1964. Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 121-191. [23 N. Am. species in world key to Parmelia section Hypotrachyna (about 80 taxa)]

Groner, U. and Dietrich, M. 1996. Hypotrachyna taylorensis (Parmeliaceae) a European species in the New World. Bryologist 99: 457-459. [description, illustrations]

McCune, B. 1998. Hypotrachyna riparia, a new lichen from western North America. Bryologist 101: 448-450. [description, illustration]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1972. Parmelia pustulifera, a new lichen from the southeastern United States. Brittonia 24: 22-27. [H. pustulifera described and illustrated]

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1976. Hypotrachyna showmanii, a new lichen from eastern North America. Bryologist 79: 78-80. [description and illustration]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Contents

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L, James, P.W. and Moore, D.M. 1992. The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum, London, 710 pp. [genus in overall key, genus and species described in detail; available from the British Lichen Society at http://www.theBLS.org.uk/public.htm]

Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 9, 4(1): 1-426. [extensive description, illustrations ]

Gierl, C. and Kalb, K. 1993. Die Flechtengattung Dibaeis. Eine Übersicht über die rosafrüchtigen Arten von Baeomyces sens. lat. nebst Anmerkungen zu Phyllobaeis gen. nov. Herzogia 9: 593-645. [generic comparisons, ontogeny, ascus illustration]

Ihlen, P.G. 1998. The lichenicolous fungi on species of the genera Baeomyces, Dibaeis, and Icmadophila in Norway. Lichenologist 30: 27-57. [key, 19 lichenicolous species, descriptions, illustrations]

Hawksworth, D.L. 1979. The lichenicolous Hyphomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 6: 183-300. [key, 2 species, 1 on N. Am. list, descriptions, illustrations]

Calatayud, V. and Rambold, G. 1998. Two new species of the lichen genus Immersaria (Porpidiaceae). Lichenologist 30: 231-244. [table compares 6 known species, 2 on N. Am. list; new delimitation of genus and comparison with Bellemerea]

Rambold, G. 1989. A monograph of the saxicolous lecideoid lichens of Australia (excl. Tasmania). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 34. J. Cramer, Berlin. 345 pp. [new genus, I. athroocarpa, description]

Thomson, J.W. 1997. American Arctic Lichens 2. The Microlichens. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 675 pp. [I. carbonoidea in key to Lecidea, description]

Thomson, J.W. 1972. Two new species of Lecidea and one of Lecanora from the north slope of Alaska. Bryologist 75: 354-359. [I. carbonoidea as a Lecidea, description, photographs of thalli]

Hinds, J.W. 1999. Lichen flora of eastern North America: the genera Parmeliopsis and Imshaugia. Mycotaxon 72: 271-278. [key, 2 species plus 4 in Parmeliopsis, all in N. Am., descriptions, photographs of thalli; comparisons, range maps, history of genus]

Meyer, S.L.F. 1982. Segregation of the new lichen genus Foraminella from Parmeliopsis. Mycologia 74: 592-598. [treats 2 species now in Imshaugia as Parmeliopsis; table compares the 2 species and with 3 species now in Parmeliopsis but treated here as Foraminella drawings of spores and conidia]

Meyer, S.L.F. 1985. The new lichen genus Imshaugia (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). Mycologia 77: 336-338. [description of genus, separation from Parmeliopsis]

Breuss, O. 1996. Ein verfeinertes Gliederungskonzept für Catapyrenium (lichenisierte Ascomyceten, Verrucariaceae) mit einem Schlüssel für die bisher bekannten Arten. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 98 B Suppl.: 35-50. ["world" key to Catapyrenium in the broad sense and to its segregates; splits Catapyrenium in the broad sense into several genera, Involucropyrenium described as a new genus; 4 species, 1 on N. Am. list]